
Class _S_EL^li511 

Book. Mz 

Copyright W. 



coPSRiam DEPosm 



Rural Veterinary Secrets 



BY 

a; H. Hartwig, M. D. C. 



A farmer's Text Book 
for ready reference 

and 
The secret of success- 
fully applying first aid 
and home remedies to 
ailing farm animals. 



Watertown, Wisconsin 
1921 






Copyright 1921 
by A. H. Hartwig 
Watertown, Wis. 



g)C!,A654506 



Advocate Publishing Company 

Printers and Publishers 

Milwaukee, Wis. 



X CONTENTS 

r 

^_^ CHAPTER PAGE 

^ I. Diseases Common to the Respiratory Organs - - 17 

II. DiseasesCommonto the Circulatory Organs - - 35 

III. Diseases Common to the Digestive Organs - - 39 

IV. Diseases Common to the Reproductive Organs - 59 
V. Diseases Common to the Liver and Kidneys - - 85 

VI. Diseases Common to the Brain and Nervous System 87 

VII. Practical Aid in Difficult Parturition - - - 93 

VIII. Common Diseases of the Skin 107 

IX. Contagious and Infectious Diseases - - - 119 

X. Wounds and Fractures 137 

XI. Diseases Common to the Muscles and Extremities 145 

XII. Common Farm Operations 173 

XIII. Diseases Common to Swine and Sheep - - - 185 

XIV. Diseases Common to Poultry 209 

XV. Practical Application of Medicines and 

Home Remedies 213 

XVI. Miscellaneous 221 

Index — Glossary and Topical Index - - - 233 



AUTOBIOGRAPHY 

Dr. A. H. Hartwig, the author of "Rural Veterinary Secrets," was 
born on a stock and dairy farm in Watertown, Dodge Co., Wisconsin, 
where he had a good opportunity to study the natural habits and wants 
of ailing farm animals. 

He received his preliminary education in the public schools and 
Northwestern College of Watertown, Wis. At the age of seventeen he 
expressed the desire to study veterinary science and become a veterinary 
physician and surgeon. However, as his services could not be spared 
on the farm at that time, he was obliged to abandon the idea, at least 
for the time being. When twenty years of age he entered the short 
course in Agriculture of the University of Wisconsin, under the direc- 
tion of Dean Henry, it being the second and third year of the existence 
of that course. Dr. V. T. Atkinson, the first State Veterinarian of 
Wisconsin, gave a course of lectures and demonstrations in veterinary 
science. These lectures and demonstrations proved of particular in- 
terest to the young agricultural student, and again he was inspired with 
the determination to take up this interesting study, but neither the time 
nor the means to further attend college could be spared. 

After concluding his university studies he returned home and de- 
voted most of his time to breeding draft horses, coach horses, and 
dairy cattle. In 1892 he made a tour through Europe. There he vis- 
ited the various veterinary colleges in the Old World. On his return 
he brought with him an importation of Oldenburg coach horses. His 
experience in stock breeding convinced him that a knowledge of vet- 
erinary medicine and surgery would be of great benefit to himself and 
his community. He again determined to become a veterinarian and 
then actually entered the Chicago Veterinary College, from which he 
was graduated in the year 1895. 

After graduation he entered upon his practice as a veterinarian 
in Watertown, Wisconsin, and adjacent community, which he suc- 
cessfully continued for twenty-seven years. During this time he held 
various important positions in connection with his profession. He was 
president of the Wisconsin Society of Veterinary Graduates ; secretary 
of the Wisconsin State Veterinary Society; State Veterinarian of Wis- 
consin ; Veterinary Editor of "Hoard's Dairyman" ; publisher and pro- 
prietor of "The Farmer's Veterinary Advisor," and at the present time 
is Veterinary Inspector for the United States Bureau of Animal In- 
dustry. While editor of "Hoard's Dairyman" he discovered the Air 
Treatment for milk fever, w'hich is now used the world over and is 
saving the lives of thousands of valuable farm animals. 

The experience thus acquired he is now giving to his fellow 
farmers and stock owners in the form of "Rural Veterinary Secrets." 




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PREFACE 

My purpose in presenting "Rural Veterinary Secrets" to the 
farmer and other owners of domesticated animals shall be to educate 
them to use home remedies intelligently whenever they are applicable 
in case of emergency, and to properly comfort and care for the patient 
till medical aid can be summoned; to teach my readers to use the right 
remedy in the right place in case of emergency, instead of employing 
anything and everything that might be suggested by the casual ob- 
server; to avoid the misapplication of drugs, which so often leads to 
the destruction of valuable farm animals ; and to give professional ad- 
vice to those who are in need, as well as those who seek professional 
knowledge on those subjects. 

In order that my readers may readily understand what I am to 
present to them, I will employ common farmer language, avoiding 
technical expressions as much as possible. I shall prescribe the most 
practical and effective remedies for each particular case, regardless of 
who might be the manufacturer thereof. The remedies prescribed 
shall be those which I have found the most successful and practical 
during my twenty-seven years of practice. 

I have decided to place the knowledge and experience obtained in 
these twenty-seven years of continued and uninterrupted practice as 
a veterinarian before my readers in concise form, boiled down for quick 
and ready reference, in this, my first edition of "Rural Veterinary 
Secrets." 

A. H. HARTWIG, M. D. C. 
Watertown, Wisconsin, July 1st, 1921. 



TO 
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF EQUITY 

In testimony of the author's high esteem and appreciation of the 
principles and service to the public of the society, lending me inspira- 
tion and initiative in my profession and this undertaking, I dedicate 
this work. 

A. H. HARTWIG, M. D. C. 



CHAPTER I. 

Diseases Common to the Respiratory 

Organs 

ACUTE NASAL CATARRH 

(Rhinitis, Acute Coryza). 

An acute catarrh of the air passages of the head. It may occur 
as a primary afifection or may be secondary to another disease. 

The common predisposing cause is cold. Catarrh is most fre- 
quent during the changeable weather of the late fall and early 
spring. The exciting cause is undoubtedly infection. 

Nearly all of the diseases of the respiratory tract are accom- 
panied by catarrh, as are specific infectious diseases, such as 
strangles, influenza, hog-cholera, glanders. 

SYMPTOMS 

The general condition of the patient is usually somewhat dis- 
turbed ; it seems stupid, languid, and shows slight fever. The mu- 
cous membrane of the nose is swollen and reddened and at first 
drier than normal ; later an irritant, watery discharge appears, 
which in a day or two becomes turbid and more profuse. In the 
earlier stages the patient sneezes frequently and rubs its nose 
against objects. The nasal discharge dries and forms crusts at the 
openings of the nostrils. In exceptional cases small, round, super- 
ficial erosions are noted on the mucous membrane, which usually 
heal in a few days. In severe cases there is conjunctivitis present. 
If the larynx is involved there is cough ; if the pharynx, difficulty 
in swallowing. The submaxillary lymph glands in the horse are 
slightly swollen. 

The course is usually rapid and the termination favorable. The 
condition in ordinary cases disappears in seven to ten days. 

TREATMENT 

The acute catarrh seldom requires treatment. Protecting the 
patient from draughts and dust is all that is necessary in the aver- 



18 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



age case. When, however, the discharge is profuse or the patient 
shows fever, a douche consisting of a solution of one tablespoonful 
of common salt dissolved in two quarts of tepid water may be 
injected into the nostrils and allowed to flush the anterior air cham- 
bers once or twice daily. Inhalations of volatile substances are of 
value. Turpentine or benzoin (1 to 5 per cent in form of steam) 
may be tried. The crust on the nostrils may be greased with lard 
or vaseline. 



BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE, HEMORRHAGES 

(Epistaxis) 



In some families of horses hemorrhages are an inherited pre- 
disposition. In such cases the bleeding occurs without apparent 
cause. It may follow over-exertion as in the case of the race horse. 
It may also be caused by passing tubes, sponges, and other instru- 
ments up into the nostrils. In forcibly ejecting dust and foreign 
matter from the nose, horses sometimes induce hemorrhage. Frac- 
tures of the facial, nasal and maxillary bones and tumors in the 
nose may be followed by nose bleeding. 



SYMPTOMS 

It is usually not dif^cult to determine the origin of the hem- 
orrhage, but to find the cause may require a most careful examina- 
tion of the patient. Pulmonary hemorrhages are characterized by 
a bright red, foani}^ nasal discharge emitted from both nostrils and 
accomplished by cough, dyspnea, and weak pulse. When placing 
your ear to the chest, however, you will hear a rattling sound with 
each breath of the patient. If, however, the hemorrhage is from the 
nose, these rattling sounds will not be noticed, although some of 
the blood may be inspirated into the lungs and confuse the layman 
as to the proper location of the hemorrhage. In hemorrhages from 
the stomach the blood is also discharged through the nose in the 
case of the horse and ox, but is more or less clotted, brown in 
color, of acid reaction, and mixed with food particles. In the case 
of the hog and dog the blood from stomach hemorrhages is vomited 
through the mouth. 



RLRAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



19 



TREATMENT 

The patient should be kept in a cool and quiet place. If 
hemorrhages are from the nose or anterior air chambers, inject 
up into the nostrils the juice of several lemons. This, with rest and 
quiet, will arrest the hemorrhage temporarily. Then give a tea- 
spoonful of Ferritone (Elk's) for an adult in moist food three times 
daily. This will increase the fibrin and red corpuscles of the blood, 
which makes a firm clot and heals completely the ruptured vessel, 
besides strengthening the walls of the blood vessels. If the 
hemorrhage is in the lungs or stomach, the injections of lemon 
juice are not so effective and may be omitted, but the Ferritone 
should be given regularly as above directed and the treatment 
continued for a week or two after the hemorrhage has stopped. 



NASAL POLYPI 




Polypus in the Nostril. 

These are wart-like tumors growing in the nostril as shown in 
the accompanying illustration. The only remedy is to remove them 
with a small wire ecraseur, which is especially designed for this 
purpose. The operation is simple and usually has no dangerous 
after effects. 



20 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



CATARRHAL LARYNGITIS 

Catarrhal laryngitis is one of the commonest diseases of horses 
and cattle. It frequently assumes an enzootic form, being very 
prevalent during the changeable weather of spring and fall. The 
disease may be primary or secondary. 

The causes of primary laryngitis are : Chilling, inhalation of 
irritant dust, gases, ingestion of fermenting foods (brewer's grains, 
distillery slops, potato residue), continued bellowing of cattle, 
throat latch of bridle too tight, and primary infections. 

Secondary laryngitis accompanies many of the infectious dis- 
eases, especially influenza and strangles of the horse, tuberculosis 
of the ox, cholera of swine, and verminous bronchitis of sheep. A 
spread of inflammation from neighboring organs (pharynx, trachea) 
may induce laryngitis. The causes of chronic catarrhal laryngitis 
are the same as those of the acute form, the irritant acting mildly 
but repeatedly or persistently. 



SYMPTOMS 

A dominant symptom of laryngitis is a dry, harsh cough which 
the patient seeks to suppress. It is especially noticeable when the 
animal is brought out into cold air or given a cold drink of water. 
Excitement also induces cough. The larynx is sensitive to pressure, 
which may bring about a spell of coughing. In some patients 
hoarseness is evident. On listening to the larynx rough and some- 
times whistling tones are heard, which tend to diminish in intensity 
toward the chest. Nasal discharge is usually present. If the 
pharynx is also involved there will be difficulty in swallowing. The 
lymph glands of the submaxillary region are swollen and sensitive. 
Except in secondary laryngitis the pulse and temperature remain 
about normal. There is difficulty in breathing only when there is 
marked swelling of the mucosa. 



DIAGNOSIS 

The diagnosis depends upon the presence of cough, sensitive- 
ness of the larynx, mild fever, and the negative evidence adduced 
from a thorough examination of the lungs. Secondary laryngitis 
may be distinguished from primary forms by the high temperature, 
general depression of the patient and symptoms of the primary 
disease. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 21 



In acute catarrhal laryngitis the course is usually six to ten 
days, ending in complete recovery. Neglected cases may become 
chronic and last for months, causing persistent, obstinate cough, 
but usually no further symptoms. 

TREATMENT 

The patient should be allowed fresh air (not too cold) free 
from drafts, dust and stable gases. If the weather permits, exer- 
cise in the open should be allowed. In mild attacks horses may be 
employed at light work, provided they are protected against high 
wind or drenching rains. The food should be laxative (roots, 
grass) and free from dust. 

Hot applications to the throat are valuable. During the early 
stages inhalations of medicated steam are of service. See directions 
for steaming in acute nasal catarrh and give the same medical treat- 
ment. If you suspect the cause to be of an infectious nature, separate 
the well from the sick and thoroughly disinfect the stable. 



CROUPOUS LARYNGITIS 

A disease of the larynx and laryngeal mucosa in which the 
pharynx and trachea arc also involved. This is rather rare, occur- 
ring mostly in sheep and cattle and more rarely in horses and swine. 
It is caused usually by inhaling irritating gases, smoke, strong 
fumes of disinfectant, and sometimes from driving through dust 
to increase the weight of wool. 



SYMPTOMS 

In the beginning the symptoms are the same as in catarrhal 
laryngitis, except that the patient becomes more rapidly emaciated 
and loses appetite. There is also a swelling and sensitiveness of 
the throat. 

TREATMENT 

The treatment consists of the same medicinal agents and in- 
halations of medicated steam as in catarrhal laryngitis, except that 
a tracheotomy tube might be used in addition in the early stages 
of the disease. 



22 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 




Horse with chronic Oezena that was operated at the Fort Atkinson 
Veterinary Hospital, June 11, 1910. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 23 



NASAL CATARRH (Oezena) 

This form almost invariably follows some other disease involv- 
ing the respiratory tract, such as bad teeth with filling of the 
frontal or maxillary sinuses of the head with pus. It may also 
accompany glanders, tumors of the nostrils, animal parasites, 
chronic or verminous bronchitis. 



SYMPTOMS 

The principal symptom is a nasal discharge, which varies 
greatly in quantity and character. The quantity of discharge is not 
always the same, being more profuse at times owing to environ- 
ments, weather conditions, etc. In character the discharge may be 
mucous, purulent, blood-streaked, or contain caseated lumps. If 
due to decayed teeth or bones of the head, it will have a very 
offensive odor. The maxillary lymph glands may become enlarged, 
but usually do not adhere to the jaw. If the sinuses of the head 
become filled with pus there is usually a marked swelling of the 
parts affected. 



TREATMENT 

Before resorting to treatment of this ailment we must ascertain 
the cause and remove it. A careful examination of the teeth must 
first be made and if any decayed ones are found they must be 
extracted. Then the nostrils should be carefully examined in search 
of nasal tumors. If neither is found, explore the frontal and maxil- 
lary sinuses by sounding with gentle taps of one or two fingers on 
the suspected parts. If the sinuses are not filled there will be a 
hollow sound, while if filled with pus they will appear solid. If 
one or more of these sinuses be filled it will be necessary to cut 
a hole through the bone and remove the pus surgically. 

If neither of the above is found, a nasal douche, with a table- 
spoonful of salt to a gallon of warm water, may be resorted to once 
daily. If the discharge from the nostrils has a fetid odor, five grains 
of permanganate of potash may be dissolved in a gallon of warm 
water and used as a douche instead of the salt solution. Iron 
tonics, such as tincture chloride of iron or dried sulphate of iron, 
should be given in food twice daily in connection with some bitter 
stomachic. For this purpose there is nothing more effective than 
a large teaspoonful of Ferritone, in moist food three times daily. 



24 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



It acts directly upon the blood and lessens the discharge from the 
nasal membrances. Ferritone is a new and almost specific remedy 
for all nasal discharges now sold by all first class druggists. 



CATARRHAL BRONCHITIS 

Bronchitis means, or is understood to be an inflammation of the 
large bronchi (air tubes). Bronchiolitis is used to express an 
inflammation of the capillary bronchi. 

Bronchitis occurs either as a primary or secondary disease. 
It is very common among all {iomesticated animals, particularly 
during the spring and fall, when it may become enzootic among 
horses and cattle. It may occur alone, but is usually associated 
with tracheitis and laryngitis (catarrh of the air passages), or on 
the other hand it may attend pneumonia (bronchopneumonia). 

Several different forms of catarrhal bronchitis are recognized. 
When the exudate is fluid and abundant, moist bronchitis or blen- 
orrhea of the bronchi is spoken of. If the exudate is rather limited 
and not so fluid a dry bronchitis exists. A fetid bronchitis develops 
from a bacterial decomposition of the exudate. From the stand- 
point of course, catarrhal bronchitis may be either acute or chronic) 
and from the causes a verminous and a mycotic bronchitis may 
be distinguished. 

The causes are usually refrigeration (changeable weather), 
inhalation of mechanical and chemical irritants (dust, smoke, chemical 
fumes), aspiration of fluids, such as liquid medicines unskillfully ad- 
ministered, blood, pus ,or solid matter, such as food which gains access 
to the windpipe, especially when the pharynx is paralyzed. Certain 
animal parasites and bacteria are also causes. 

Secondary bronchitis occurs with most of the infectious diseases 
affecting the respiratory tract (influenza, strangles, tuberculosis, 
hog-cholera). 

SYMPTOMS 

The characteristic symptoms of acute catarrhal bronchitis are 
cough, which at first is short, dry and painful, but later with the 
accumulation of liquid exudate becomes looser and less painful. 
Nasal discharge is present and during the act of coughing bronchial 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 25 



slimc is ejected through the mouth and nose. In the early stages 
especially the respirations are increased. Percussion is normal and 
on listening rales are heard. Rales may be absent in the early 
stages, but will appear gradually about the second or third day. 
The character of the rale will depend upon the size of the bronchus 
involved and the consistency of the exudate. In the larger bronchi, 
provided the exudate is rather fluid, the rale is of the character of 
bursting large bubbles, while in the smaller bronchi the rales are 
much finer and of a crackling character. If the bronchial mucosa 
is much swollen, narrowing the lumen of the bronchi, whistling, 
piping or hissing tones may be heard. As a rule the animal shows 
fever in the early stages (104 to 106 degrees F.), but usually within 
two or three days the temperature drops. With the continuance of 
the fever the pulse frequency increases. 

CHRONIC CATARRHAL BRONCHITIS usually develops 
from the acute form. It may occur, however, as a symptom of 
chronic heart and lung disease. It is frequently associated with 
chronic pulmonary emphysema or seen to accompany such chronic 
infectious diseases as tuberculosis, glanders, or verminous pneu- 
monia. Generally speaking, chronic bronchitis leads to irreparable 
injury, not only of the walls of the bronchi, but also of the neighbor- 
ing lung tissue. The symptoms of chronic bronchitis are much the 
same as those of the acute, except that the condition is feverless 
and suffers many periodical increases of violence. The general 
condition of the patient may not be much disturbed, and the only 
evidences of the disorder are chronic cough, difficulty in breathing, 
and nasal discharge, which is often foamy and white in appearance. 
Obviously, if chronic bronchitis is a symptom of an infectious dis- 
ease like tuberculosis or glanders, the symptoms which typify 
these conditions will be associated with those of bronchitis. In 
practice chronic bronchitis is most commonly met with in horses 
suftering from "heaves." It also occurs frequently in dairy cows 
in the Eastern States, especially during raw, damp weather. The 
principal symptoms are a persistent cough and slight nasal dis- 
charge, which is usually wiped off with the tongue. There are no 
constitutional symptoms. The course is benign except in neglected 
cases. 

In healing, the acute form usually terminates in two to three 
weeks. When the smaller bronchi become involved, the course is 
more prolonged and is apt to lead to bronchopneumonia and death. 
Death may also result from pulmonary edema. 

Chronic bronchitis may last for months or years, depending 



26 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



upon the cause. As a rule the patient becomes anemic, cachectic, 
and finally death results from lack of nutrition. 

DIAGNOSIS 

The diagnosis of bronchial catarrh is, as a rule, not difficult. 
The presence of the characteristic rales are evidence enough, espe- 
cially when taken into consideration with the other symptoms and 
course of the disease. It is sometimes impossible to determine 
whether the bronchitis is primary or secondary. Generally, how- 
ever, when bronchitis is secondary to some acute infectious disease 
the high temperature which the patient shows is indicative. When 
associated with a chronic infection a thorough clinical examination 
of the patient will usually reveal the presence of a primary disease 
(tuberculosis, tuberculin test; glanders, various tests). 

TREATMENT 

The patient should be kept in a light, clean, well ventilated 
place and every attention given to the hygiene of the skin. A 
horse should be covered with a light blanket, and the legs, if cold, 
wrapped in soft bandages. If labored breathing is very marked, 
the chest should be rubbed freely with Elk's Electric Cream. The 
food should be laxative (bran, oats, grass, carrots, turnips, etc.). 
The bowels should be kept open by giving two tablespoonfuls or 
Bovolax in moist food twice daily. If the cough is dry, inhalations 
of medicated steam (see steaming) may be resorted to. The follow- 
ing prescription has proven very successful. 

Take of : Syrup of white pine — 1 pint. 

Fluid extract belladonna — 1 dram. 
Febris powders (National) — 2 ounces. 

Mix and give one ounce every two hours. Febris powders 
might be given alone in the absence of the other two, provided they 
cannot be obtained. These should be given in teaspoonful doses 
three times daily. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 27 



PLEURITIS 

Pleuritis is an inflammation of the pleura. It is nearly always 
a secondary condition in animals. 

Pleuritis affects all animals, but principally the horse. In the 
horse it is usually a symptom of infectious fibrinous pneumonia ; 
in the ox of tuberculosis, contagious pleuropneumonia and hem- 
orrhagic septicemia, and in swine most frequently of so-called swine 
plague. Pleuritis, however, may occur unattended by pneumonia, 
as is frequently observed in horses. 

Pleuritis in animals is always due to infection. Cold, which 
was believed to be the most potent etiological factor, is now con- 
sidered merely predisposing (pleuritis in sheep following shearing; 
exposure of horses to cold wind and rain). The micro-organisms 
which produce pleuritis are many. Rarely is pleuritis a primary 
disease — it is most commonly seen in practice accompanying dis- 
eases of the lungs (pleuropneumonia). The micro-organisms caus- 
ing pleuritis may enter as follows : (1) Through penerating thoracic 
wounds ; (2) through deep contusions on the chest wall, especially 
if rib fractures be present (kicks, blows, falls) ; (3) from disease foci 
in the lung, which are in contact with the pleura; (4) via blood 
and lymph micro-organisms of certain specific diseases; notably 
those which afifect principally the respiratory tract. The latter may 
also invade the pleura and cause inflammation thereof (influenza, 
fibrinous pneumonia, swine plague, hemorrhagic septicemia, acute 
rheumatism). It may happen that the dominant lesions are in the 
pleura, in which case primary pleuritis is spoken of (pleurisy of 
the horse without pneumonia). 

As predisposing factors may be mentioned: Chilling (cold), 
over-exertion, long railway transports, and acute diseases of the 
respiratory tract (laryngitis). Subacute and chronic pleuritis may 
accompany tuberculosis, glanders, contagious pleuropneumonia of 
the ox, tumors (spread of sarcoma or carcinoma via contiguity of 
tissue), or metastasis, and animal parasites. 

SYMPTOMS 

Depending upon whether it is acute or chronic, primary or 
secondary, the symptoms of pleuritis will vary greatly. In mild 
-circumscribed and in chronic pleuritis the symptoms are so vague 
that the condition is rarely recognized clinically. In the acute form, 
which is at times primary, they are as follows : 



28 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



(1) First stage (congestion) : The onset is sudden. The patient 
stops eating, seems stupid, and may show pains simulating mild 
colic. There is often a marked chill during which the temperature 
rises rapidly to 104 to 106 degrees F. The muscles of the thorax 
tremble. The pulse is frequent (70 to 80), small and hard. The 
respirations are accelerated (25 to 40) and of the abdominal type. 
If the pain is great, and the diaphragm not involved, the ribs may 
be rolled forward and held, breathing being performed by the flanks. 
The patient may not show cough or nasal discharge. 

Sounding the thorax in this stage pains the patient and causes 
coughing. Sensitiveness is sometimes shown on palpating the inter- 
costal spaces, especially in the region of the elbow. If the exam- 
iner's hand be laid against the thorax, marked vibrations may be 
felt. Unless the lung is involved in this stage, there is no change 
in the percussion sound. 

The respirations seem shorter than normal and of interrupted, 
catching character. On listening, a rubbing, grating, frictional 
sound is heard with the respirations. The animal is usually stiff 
and when turned "moves as one piece" in a rigid, wooden fashion. 

(2) Second stage (effusion) : In this stage the clinical picture 
is a good deal modified. The patient finds more difficulty in breath- 
ing and the character of the breathing is changed, depending upon 
the quantity of exudate in the chest. If a considerable amount of 
fluid forms rather rapidly in the thorax (25 to 40 quarts) at inspira- 
tion the ribs are rolled forward at a maximum and at expiration, 
which is accomplished by a double-pumping movement of the flanks,, 
the lumbar region is elevated and the anus protruded, the manner 
of performing the respirations much resembling that noted in pul- 
monary emphysema. A groove is formed along the costal cartilages 
at each expiration. The nostrils are dilated and often flapping. 
Percussion : As high as the fluid in the chest extends, a marked 
flatness with resistance under the hammer is noted. The flat area 
extends across the ribs in a straight horizontal line. Above this 
line subdued resonance is heard. Changing the position of the body 
will shift the horizontal line. (Only feasible in small animals.) 
When effusion occurs the frictional sound disappears (in some 
instances it may still be heard above the area of flatness), and, as 
a rule, no respiratory sounds can be determined below the horizontal 
line. Above it the vesicular murmur is harsh ; tubular breathing 
is frequently present. 

The heart beat is weakened in this stage and may often be 
heard more distinctly on the right than on the left side of the chest. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 29 



The pulse is rapid and softer than in the first stage. The tempera- 
ture is very irregular. When effusion takes place it usually drops 
to nearly normal, but may rise again later. Its character is decid- 
edly intermittent or even remittent. Very high fever speaks for 
purulent pleuritis. General condition : In acute pleuritis the patient 
often remains standing during the entire attack (horse). If the 
patient lies down in the first stage, due to pain, it rests on the 
well side, or if the condition is bilateral, on the sternum. In the 
stage of eft'usion, the patient lies on the diseased side. In pleuritis 
there is a tendency to swell on pedent portions of the body (under 
chest, etc.). A total lack of appetite persists. 

]\Iild cases make a very rapid recovery and are often not rec- 
ognized during life. The eft'usion forms rapidly ; in three to four 
days the thorax may be half filled; the resorption of the exudate 
however, takes place gradually and may require two to three weeks, 
or even several months, during which time the life of the patient 
is in jeopardy. The more serious the eft'usion, the more likely and 
rapid the resorption. With much fibrinous exudate present, ad- 
hesions between lung and thoracic wall are frequent. These adhe- 
sions usually persist and cause the patient to be ever afterward 
short-winded. Chronic pleuritis is incurable. Death in acute 
causes may follow from asphyxia or exhaustion in two to three 
weeks. 

TREATMENT 

The drugs used in the treatment of this disease are few and 
simple. If the fever is high and needs to be checked, give a tea- 
spoonful of National Febris Compound in drinking water three 
times daily. If the fever is not controlled, increase the frequency 
of the dose to every three or four hours. This also has a dieretic 
effect, which is very essential in this treatment. 

If breathing is very painful, the pains can be relieved by a 
hypodermic injection of two to three grains of morphine, or still 
better, a tablespoonful of National Anodyne given every hour with 
a dose syringe until relieved. 

When the thoracic cavity fills excessively with fluid, the same 
must be removed by means of a trocar and canula. The latter had 
better be left to a competent veterinarian. 



30 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS (Pneumonia) 

Pneumonia exists in various forms, the details of which will 
be too technical for the average farmer and stockman to under- 
stand. We will, therefore, discuss pneumonia in its general term, 
giving its general appearance, symptoms and treatment. 

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung. The existence of 
pneumonia as a primary disease in animals is open to question. 
At any rate, it has not been proven. 

SYMPTOMS 

The onset of the disease is usually sudden. Without warning 
the patient is seized with fever, which in the case of the horse may 
reach 104 to 106 degrees F. in a few hours. The patient is stupid, 
languid, and loses appetitie. In some cases a pronounced chill 
ushers in the disease symptoms. The fever is of the continuous 
type, remaining up for seven to nine days, when it drops rapidly 
to normal, or on the third or fourth day may begin to gradually 
decline, reaching normal in four to eight days following. Cough 
is short, painful, and frequently restrained. At first it is dry, later 
moist in character. Nasal discharge is not always present, espe- 
cially in continuously stabled horses. In some cases, during the 
second stage, a rusty brown ("prune juice") discharge occurs 
which may last only twenty-four to forty-eight hours. In the third 
stage a yellow-colored discharge may appear. The pulse at first 
is not much affected, but as the disease progresses, due to cloudy 
swelling of the heart, its frequency is increased to 60 or 80, or even 
higher. Quite often the pulse remains high after the fever has gone 
down. The respirations are accelerated early and the patient 
breathes with distended nostrils. The mucous membrane of the eye 
in severe cases often assumes a spotted mahogany color. The 
sounds (on pressure with the fingers) vary with the stage of the 
disease. In the earliest stage (congestion) there is little appre- 
ciable change; in the second stage a flat sound is emitted. The 
sound begins about the second day and is retained three to five 
days. During the third stage the sound becomes drum-like. The 
area of dullness is usually confined to the lower portion of one lung, 
its upper limits often describing an upM'ard curved line. Upon 
listening, fine crackling sounds (like hair rubbed between the fin- 
gers) are heard in the first stage. These sounds are usually present 
for the first twenty-four hours, then pass away. In the second 
stage there is either no respiratory sound audible or tubular breath- 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 31 



ing is heard. In the third stage moist rales arc heard (the return 
rale). The general condition: Varies "greatly with the case. In 
mild attacks the appetite may be retained and the mind little per- 
turbed. In severe cases there is no appetite while the fever is on 
and the animal is very stupid and languid. Horses usually do not 
lie down until the fever drops. Small animals and even ponies lie 
down most of the time during the disease, and if only one lung is 
affected, on the diseased side. The urine is scanty and high colored 
until the fall of the fever, when its specific gravity drops, and the 
quantity, voided frequently, greatly increases. 



DIAGNOSIS 

Pnuemonia may be distinguished from pleuritis by listening, 
and sounding with the finger. In cases complicated with pleuritis 
differentiation may be impossible. However, pleuritis is usually 
bilateral, the upper margin of the zone of dullness on percussion 
is horizontal and the resistence under the hammer pronounced. In 
pleuritis there is a further tendency for swelling to form in pendent 
parts of the body. Cough is usually absent in pleuritis; present in 
pneumonia. A test puncture of the thorax may be made in doubt- 
ful cases. 



COMPLICATIONS 

(1) Heart weakness due to cloudy swelling. The heart beat is 
fast, arythmic, and palpitating. The pulse may be weak and runs 
about 76. The patient is weak, may be cyanotic, superficial veins 
distended. 

(2) Pleuritis: A common complication, leading to effusion 
in the chest, displacement of the heart, characteristic difficulty in 
breathing. (See Pleuritis.) 

(3) Gangrene of the lung: May develop during convalescence. 
The temperature again rises, the patient continues to lose flesh, and 
the expirium assumes a sweetish, fetid odor. 

(4) Further but less common complications are : Nephritis 
(albumen in urine), jaundice (catarrh of duodendum), tendovagin- 
ities (leg-swelling and lameness), founder (laminities), cerebral and 
meningeal symptoms. Purpura hemorrhagica may occur during 
convalescence. 



32 BUBAL VETEBINABY 8ECBET8 



COURSE 

The usual course is typical, ending in recovery in two weeks. 
In some cases, especially in old horses, cattle and swine, the course 
may be much shorter (larval or abortive type). Death may occur 
suddenly during convalescence from heart failure. If pleuritis com- 
plicates the pneumonia, the course is much prolonged. It may lead 
to death, or adhesions (lung to thoracic wall) may cause permanent 
dyspnea ("heaves"). 

Chronic induration of the lungs is a common termination fol- 
lowing certain outbreaks. It is charcterized by the continuation 
of the fever and dyspnea after the usual period of convalescence has 
passed. The patient is generally left short-winded. Roaring may 
sometimes follow an attack of fibrinous pneumonia. Pericarditis 
is a rarer complication. 

The prognosis is good in typical and uncomplicated cases. The 
behavior of the heart is of importance during the attack. A con- 
tinued high pulse is dangerous to the patient. The extent of the 
area involved has much to do with the outcome of the case. If 
confined only to the lower portion of one lung, the danger is not 
so great as when the upper part of the lung is also involved, or if 
both lungs are diseased. When pleuritis complicates the case the 
prognosis is naturally less favorable. 

TREATMENT 

The patient should be placed in a light, clean, and well venti- 
lated place. If feasible, keep the case out-of-doors as much as 
possible, guarding it, of course, against wind and rain. Use only 
light covering (in horses). The legs may be bandaged (use Derby 
bandages with cotton underneath. Removing the bandages once 
daily and rubbing the legs well before re-applying is helpful. The 
horse-patient should be groomed well each day. Feed any easily 
digested food which the patient can be coaxed to eat. Good clean 
oats over which a little sugar has been sprinkled is often tempting 
to the appetite. Give only small quantities at a time. Before feed- 
ing syringe out the mouth with clean water. If obtainable, fresh 
grass is very palatable and nutritious. A few handfuls over which 
is strewn a little salt is often eaten with avidity. The hay should 
be bright and free from dust. Feed about 6 pounds daily, divided 
into three feds. Roots (carrots, beets) and bran mashes are rec- 
ommended (some horses do not like bran). Eggs and milk may 
be given if appetite is entirely gone. Keep pure water constantly 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 33 



before the patient, and where it can be reached without undue 
exertion, rectal and artificial feeding may be resorted to in patients 
unable to swallow or without any appetite. 

SURGICAL — Puncturing the thorax with a sterile trocar, and 
permitting the instrument to penetrate the inflamed lung, was prac- 
ticed extensively in the army during the World War. The opera- 
tion was performed irrespective of the existence of exudate in the 
chest cavity. The results seem to have been satisfactory enough 
to warrant further experiment. It appeared most beneficial in cases 
of delayed resolution. 

DRUGS — In all forms of pneumonia it is best not to rely too 
much on drugs, especially large quantities and many varieties, such 
us are too often resorted to. It is very important to keep the 
bowels open. Give one to two tablespoonfuls of Bovolax in moist 
food or water twice or three times daily, as the case may require. 
To keep the heart strong two ounces of brandy may be given every 
two hours. The fever can be controlled by giving a teaspoonful of 
National Febris Powders in drinking water every three hours. In 
severe cases where breathing is difficult and painful, the chest 
should be rubbed freely with Electric Cream (National) twice daily. 
This will draw the inflammation to the exterior, thus relieving the 
inflamed lugs very materially. 



ROARING 

Roaring may be defined as an unsoundness characterized by 
difficulty in inhahng and cough due to paralysis of the left recurrent 
nerve. The condition is always chronic and can be relieved in about 
<S0 per cent of the cases by operation. 

From a practical standpoint recurrent paralysis may be classed 
as primary and secondary. 

The causes of primary paralysis are not understood. It seems 
as if heredity plays a part, since stallions and mares which are 
roarers transmit the tendency to their progeny. The condition does 
not develop until about the fourth to sixth year. As a rule only the 
left side is affected, although exceptions are noted. 

Secondary recurrent paralysis may be a sequel to influenza, 
strangles, and dourine, or it may follow an attack of forage poison- 
ing, poisoning with lead, more rarely goitre or direct injury to the 
nerve itself. 



34 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



SYMPTOMS 

Usually in primary cases the disease comes on gradually. It 
is at first but slightly developed, the patient only emitting a noisy 
sound when exercising. As a rule, if the horse be at rest, no signs 
of the disorder are noticed. If the upper rings of the trachea be 
pinched, a prolonged, hoarse throat cough is heard. In many 
instances, however, cough is absent. It is sometimes possible to 
cause the patient to emit a peculiar grunt if it is struck a sudden, 
unexpected blow with the hand on the side of the chest. The prin- 
cipal symptom of roaring, however, is the audible laryngial sound 
emitted during and increased by exercise. The quality of the sound 
suffers many modifications from a whistle to a pronounced roar, 
which in some animals can be heard a distance of several yards. 
Pressing the throat with the index finger increases the sound. In 
well developed cases sufficient exercise can produce interrupted 
breathing. By compressing the nostrils to one-half their normal 
dilation the sound is temporarily diminished. Generally the roaring 
sound ceases after five to ten minutes rest, but returns again dur- 
ing exercise. In mild cases it stops as soon as the animal is "pulled 
up" after a hard gallop. 



DIAGNOSIS 

The examination of the patient should be made under motion. 
The horse may be ridden, galloped on a long line, or led behind 
a buggy. In some mild cases the animal may suppress the sound 
by extending the head. To avoid this the head should be drawn 
in, the neck held well arched. The use of the laryngoscope is of 
e^reat value in diagnosis. 

The course of primary roaring is chronic. Due to the wasting 
away of the muscles of the vocal cords on the left side, the condition 
grows worse with time. Many roaring horses may be used for light, 
slow work, while others are practicall}^ worthless for service. 

Some cases of secondary roaring (forage poisoning, laryngitis, 
strangles) recover spontaneously in four to six months. About 80 
per cent can either be relieved or cured by surgical interference. 



TREATMENT 

The most successful treatment consists in the removal of the 
laryngeal saccule of the affected side. 



CHAPTER II. 

Diseases of the Circulatory Organs 

TRAUMATIC PERICARDITIS OF THE OX 

An intiammation of the heart sac caused by foreign bodies. 
'I his is one of the most common sporadic diseases of the ox. With 
the possible exception of tuberculosis of the heart sac, it is the 
most common disease of the heart. It occurs not only among dairy 
cattle, but also beef cattle, especially on farms where hay baling is 
practiced, pieces of baling wire being picked up and swallowed. 

The frequency with which foreign bodies (needles, wire, etc.) 
are found in the reticulum (second stomach), the close proximity 
of the reticulum to the pericardium (heart sac), and the marked 
contractions of the compartment of the stomach, are the most im- 
portant factors in the termination of this common condition. 

SYMPTOMS 

In traumatic pericarditis of the ox, the heart symptoms are 
usually preceded by those of traumatic indigestion. Inquir}', there- 
fore, should always be made into the past history of the patient in 
this regard. The cardinal symptoms are as follows: 1st. In the 
early stages stiffness and disinclination to move. The patient is 
forced to exercise, the abdominal type of respiration predominating. 
2nd. The pulse is rapid and irregular. 3rd. A pronounced undula- 
tion of the jugulars is seen. 4th. Later edematous swellings appear 
under the throat, neck, brisket, and chest. 5th. Percussion is 
usually painful, the animal wincing and grunting when the chest 
is struck over the heart region. An increased area of cardiac dull- 
ness may be determined in cattle if not too fat. 6th. On ausculta- 
tion, provided no fusion has taken place, a friction tone like that 
heard in pleuritis, but occurring with the heart beat, is heard. If 
the heart sac is filled with fluid and gas, metallic tinkling tones 
modify the normal heart sounds, which are muffled and distant. 
7th. The patient usually shows rise in temperature, but the lever 
is generally mild. Not infrequently the clinical symptoms of trau- 
matic pericarditis are entirely overlooked, the first intimation of 
any trouble appearing when the patient drops over dead. The gen- 



36 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



eral condition of the patient, due to the loss of appetite and attend- 
ing infection or intoxication grows bad. The patient emaciates, 
becomes anemic, weak, and may suffer from diarrhea. 

The course in traumatic pericarditis is usually a prolonged one, 
the condition lasting often several weeks or even months. Exacer- 
bations and remissions are very common. As a general rule, how- 
ever, there is a slow but steady decline. The disease may assume 
the form of a pyemia (pus absorption) leading to enlargement of 
the joints, lameness, etc. Pneumonia and pleurisy and gastrointes- 
tinal catarrh are frequent compUcations. Death may occur at any 
time during the disease from the foreign body penetrating the heart 
muscle or from injury to the coronary blood vessels, causing fatal 
hemorrhage. The patient may also die from the attending sapremia. 
Occasionally cases occur in which great improvement in the con- 
dition is noted, the patient gaining in flesh, appetite and strength. 
Usually, however, the improvement is only temporary. Rarer still 
are those instances where a spontaneous recovery follows the escape 
of the foreign body through an abscess to the outside world. 



HOW THE DISEASE IS RECOGNIZED 

While in typical and advanced cases the diagnosis is easy, trau- 
matic pericarditis in the earlier stage may be exceedingly difftcull 
to recognize. Eber recommends, where the condition is suspected 
and fever exists, to give acetanilid (3 ounces) daily. This reduces 
the temperature but not the pulse, which remains high (100 to 120) 
if pericarditis is present. In doubtful cases an explorative puncture 
of the pericardium will determine the presence of fluid. 



TREATMENT 

As nearly all cases are fatal, the immediate slaughter of the 
animal is recommended. In very valuable pregnant animals an 
effort to prolong life may be made by the use of such drugs as 
digitalis (^2 ounce); cafifein (1 dram), or oil camphor (1 ounce) 
subcutaneously. Stimulants (alcohol and ether) are also in order. 
In Europe puncturing the pericardium with a trocar has been 
employed. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 37 



AZOTURIA 

(Often mistaken lor inflammation and congestion of the 

kidneys) 

Azotuiia is purely a blood disease of a plethoric or hypeniu- 
tritious nature. In other words, the blood is overloaded with nutri- 
tion, bringing- about the unnatural conditions and strange actions 
of the horse after he has gone a mile or two from home in the 
best of spirits. The blood in this condition is naturally thicker 
and slow to return to the heart, which is very active. This tardy 
return flow causes a dilation of the return blood vessels, most of 
which lie close to the main nerve trunks. As the vessels expand, 
the nerve trunks receive extra pressure, which partially, if not 
entirely, shuts off the impulse and brings about either partial oi- 
complete paralysis of the parts involved. These are usually the hind 
quarters, due to the fact that they are further away from the heart. 
You will also notice a marked swelling of the muscles involved ; 
as they become very hard and sensitive. The kidneys, in an en- 
deavor to assist nature, will absorb some of the blood from these 
congested regions, which naturally turns the urine to a dirty red' 
or brown color and causes llie layman 1o bclirvc that the kidneys 
are at fault. 

SYMPTOMS 

This trouble usually follows a period of enforced idleness with 
a good appetite and rich food. As soon as you notice that the horse 
begins to lag behind and perspire, 3^ou should take a warning that 
something is wrong. You will next notice him knuckle over in 
one of his pastern joints. Finally, it attacks both hind quarters, 
although on rare occasions you may find it in the front quarters. 



TREATMENT 

The horse should be stopped and brought to the nearest barn, 
where he should be warmly blanketed after the swollen muscles 
have been thoroughly rubbed with National Electric Cream to keep 
the blood moving and stimulate the nerve endings to again become 
active and continue so. The horse should at once be given two 
<ninces of neutrogcn in about eight ounces of water. This may 
be repeated in two hours, when the external application should 
be repeated. Absolute rest is necessary. Do not attempt to drive 



38 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



the horse before six or eight hours or he may suffer a relapse, 
which very often proves fatal. The above treatment brings quick 
relief and may be repeated until the animal is able to pursue its 
journey. Then give a teaspoonful of Sangnitone Compound in 
moist food three times daily to get the blood in natural condition 
and prevent a re-attack. 



BLOOD TROUBLE 

This disease usually makes its presence known by the appear- 
ance of pimples, scabs, blotches and eruptions of the skin of horses, 
cattle and all domestic animals. These eruptions are due to a humor 
in the blood and must be reached through the circulation. Give 
a teaspoonful of National Sanguitone Compound in moist food twice 
or three times daily. This may be followed after a week or two 
with a tablespoonful of Fowler's solution of arsenic given twice 
daily. Usually the latter is not necessary as the Sanguitone Com- 
pound acts very promptly. 



NAVEL DISEASE (Of Colts and Calves) 

Newly born colts and calves are often affected with swollen 
and infected navels. The infection usually takes place shortly after 
birth. The newcomer comes in contact with unclean substances 
in the stall, which are easily absorbed through the navel cord and 
bring about a sensitive swelling and, in some cases, suppuration. 
It is not uncommon for a colt to become swollen in one or more of 
its joints and show abscesses in any part of the body after such 
an infection. 

TREATMENT 

Prevention is better than cure. When a colt or calf is born 
the navel cord should be disinfected with a solution of Lotio- 
Vita, which is especially adapted for this purpose. This should 
invariably be done as a precaution whether or not you expect 
infection. If the disease has become prevalent in your barn, you 
should vaccinate the newly born as soon as possible after it is 
dropped with Polyvalent Bactrins. The latter often prove beneficial 
as a curative after infection has taken place. 



CHAPTER III. 

Diseases Common to the Digestive 
Organs 

FEEDING SICK ANIMALS 

It must be borne in mind that food or drink should not be 
forced on sick stock ; that what food is presented should be tempting. 
To be so it must be fresh, all traces of the last offering- having: 
been removed ; in fact, if an animal does not clean up its allowance 
within a reasonable time, the materials should be removed so as 
to avoid tainting- the feed box. The same rule applies to the drink- 
ing water. 

Laxative food is indicated in sickness, with few exceptions ; 
in fact, those cases laid up on account of wounds need laxative 
food and a reduction in quantity. Variety counts for a great deal 
with the sick animal. For such purposes boiled food, bran mashes, 
grass, carrots, potatoes, small green wheat, oats, corn, etc., may 
be used in limited quantities. Milk and eggs are also of value, 
but will have to be given in a drench as a rule. The BRAN MASII 
should be made as follows : Scald a pail, throw out the water, 
put in a gallon of bran and a tablespoonful of salt, add two to three 
pints of boiling water, depending on the consistency desired, mix 
Avell, and cover up for 15 minutes, when it may be placed before 
the patient. A tablespoonful or two of powdered ginger added 
to a bran mash makes a nice feed for a tired or over-driven horse, 
atid should be given before oats are offered. Horses will rarely burn 
themselves ; they do not care for sloppy mashes. To make linseed 
(flaxseed) tea take one pound of the seed and boil in four to six 
quarts of water until the grains are soft. The linseed tea and bran 
may be combined with benefit. Hay tea — run good hay through 
the cutting box and half fill a pail with it, then fill up with boiling 
water, let stand until cold and give the clear fluid. Raw linseed 
oil is often given in the feed in quantities of from one-quarter to 
one-half pint daily; it is very valuable in "Heaves," and puts a 
gloss on the hide, besides acting mildly on the bowels. 



40 RURAL VETERFNARY SECRETS 



DISEASE DUE TO MISTAKES IN FEEDING 

DISTENTION OF THE PAUNCH. Bumen occurs in sheep 
and cattle due to getting" an overfeed, say from getting loose al 
grain, either in the barn or the field, dry fodder and no succulent 
feed (such as roots or silage), from stoppage of the bowel move- 
ment. The symptoms are similar to those shown in bloating, only 
that the swelling pits on pressure (on the left side) and tapping 
witli the fingers does not give the drum-like sound as heard in the 
preceding disease; chewing the cud (rumenation) stops and the ani- 
mal is said to have lost its cud. Here again we have a symptom mis- 
taken for a disease, if digestion is going on properly the cud (so- 
called) will be present, so that the loss of the cud as termed by 
many people, is a symptom of digestive trouble and needs investiga- 
tion as to the cause, not the giving of a so-called cud, of pork, 
greased rags or unwholesome materials; if this condition has 
existed for a day or so, no feces (dung) will be seen to pass. 



TREATMENT 

Dissolve one pound of Bovolax in a gallon of warm water. 
When cooled down to about 70 degrees F. give a quart to a 
full grown cow or ox every six hours until the entire gallon 
(4 quarts) has been given. If the patient is not relieved, a quart 
of raw linseed oil may be given at the next six hour period. Gentle 
pressure and hand rubbing over the region of the paunch may be 
applied twice or three times daily for ten or fifteen minutes at a 
time. In very stubborn cases the above may be repeated, but it is 
rarely necessary. These doses are for adult cows or oxen. Smaller 
animals should have doses reduced according to size and age. 

.FOUNDER (laminitis) is included under diseases due to errors 
in feeding, although it frequently occurs from driving on hard, dry 
roads, excessive purging, sudden checking of sweating by giving 
very cold water when heated ; hard work when not in condition, 
or it may follow foaling or lung troubles, and occasionally from 
standing too much on a limb in order to save another which may 
be injured. Excessive feeding for the sho wring or block, etc., ivitli 
lack of exercise; wheat, especially when green, or breaking loose 
and getting at grain in the bin are other common causes. This 
disease may appear in cattle and sheep, although the pain shown 
will not be as acute as in horses. The symptoms of laminitis are 
so well marked that once seen they are never forgotten. A horse 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 41 



affected Avill stand immovable in a stall with his forefeet away 
in front of him, his Aveight beings thrown on the heels. If the hind- 
feet are affected, they and the forefeet are placed well under the 
body; the animal if made to. move rocks on its limbs and will 
jump with both forefeet together. The pulse is hurried; the throbbing 
of the arteries below the fetlocks can be felt. If an attempt to lift 
the foot is made, the animal resists; the feet are hot and tender, 
especially if tapped with a hammer; the breathing is hujried, giving 
rise to the suspicion that the lungs are affected; the pulse is full 
and hard, and the membrane of the eye reddened (congested). 
Sweating will be sten as a result of the extreme pain and thirst 
will be great; the thermometer will show an increased body 
temperature. 

TREATMENT 

The treatment needs to be energetic, for unless it is so, de- 
structive changes will take place, resulting in dropping of the sole, 
due to the pedal bone turning point downwards, (pumic foot) and 
possibly shedding of the entire hoof. Irregular rings around the 
foot, close together, are evidences of an attack at some time, as is 
also the tendency of a horse to travel on its heels when trotted. Tub 
the feet in Avarm water or apply hot poultices for a few times. Then 
apply Elk's Dessicant over the coronet just above the hoof, once a 
day for three days. Purgatives such as aloes should not be given ; 
a quart of linseed oil will be useful and safe to use. In these cases, 
give a tablespoonful of saltpetre (nitrate of potash) twice daily in 
the drinking water until the fever subsides. Bran mashes or other 
light food are to be preferred. Some veterinarians remove the shoes, 
which is not always easy unless the animal is made to lie down 
(this should be done if it persists in standing). Do not pare through 
the sole, but as soon as the worst symptoms are over (in three or 
four days), give moderate exercise, a run at pasture, a moist one 
preferable. After this, blistering the coronets is a great help to 
restore the foundered animal to usefulness. This disease in sheep or 
cattle will be more common during the summer, if high feeding, 
Avithout taking into consideration the temperature, or putting on 
full feed too suddenly is persisted in. More is to be gained by pre- 
vention than by cure. If such animals are affected, doses of glauber 
salts are to be given occasionally, the doses being the same as of 
ei)som salts. 

LYMPHANGITIS, big leg, weed, or water-farcy (not a good 
term, apt to be mistaken for farcy), is another serious trouble due 



42 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETE 



to errors in feeding'. The lymph channels and nodes are inflammed, 
consequently their working is more or less hindered. Causes are 
over-feeding, lack of exercise, or sudden change to large quantities 
of new food, etc. It might be considered a disease in which the 
lymph has stagnated (stopped moving) in the lymph vessels. These 
vessels, it will be remembered, act especially as carriers of waste 
material from various parts, hence this stagnated material acts as a 
foreign object with the result — inflammation of the organs afifected. 
There is excessive swelling of one or more limbs, usually a hind one, 
the swelling extending from top to bottom of the limb, which is hot 
and painful to the touch ; the swelling will pith on pressure ; run- 
ning the hand down the inside of the limb the lymph nodes are felt : 
the temperature is above normal ; there is great lameness, rapid 
breathing, hard full pulse and the lymphatics are seen to be en- 
larged ; owing to the cause, lack of exercise, it is oftenest seen on 
Monday morning, hence it has been termed Monday morning fever. 
Attention to the diet — bran mashes every Saturday night contain- 
ing a tablespoonful of salt petre- — will almost certainly prevent the 
disease. A horse once attacked is liable to have the trouble recur 
and as a consequence, there will be a chronic enlargement and thick- 
ening of the limb (elephantiasis). This disease must not be con- 
founded with ordinary stocking up of the limbs, which is painless, or 
with the local form of glanders, termed farcy, a very dangerous dis 
ease, both to man and animal. 



TREATMENT 

The treatment should be directed towards the cause and its 
eflfect ; therefore, limit the feed, give a purgative (Bovolax, prefer- 
ably) to remove the accumulated waste products, which have, in the 
form of lymph, escaped more or less into the tissues, and, if left 
there, may coagulate and thus give the chronic thickening so often 
a result of this disease. Bathe the limb with warm water, thus re- 
lieving the tension and pain ; hand rub and bandage the limb when 
the inflammation is subsiding, and if the swelling is slow to depart, 
you may apply Elk's Absorbing Ointment to the swollen parts once 
or twice a week. 

HEAVES, or BROKEN WIND, is a chronic condition in 
which there is difificulty of breathing (the act of expelling air from 
the lungs taking longer than the act of breathing in air). It is due 
originally to mistakes in feeding, and an animal badly affected is 
rendered almost incapable of work. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETE 43 



The difficulty of breathing in this disease is due to a dilated 
condition of the lungs, the result of an excess of air in the air sacs 
or in the tissue that surrounds the lobules. As a result, the lungs 
are prevented from expelling all the air they should, hence less is 
taken in than would be if they were in a natural condition. The air 
cells may be broken into one another as a result of the violent 
coughing, whereas in the other form the air seems to enter the tis- 
sues during the intake of air into the lungs, in which case some 
degeneration has in all probability taken place in the lung tissue. 
A full stomach and hozvels interfere' greatly with the action of the 
lungs, and when filled out with food it is not surprising that this 
trouble occurs. At the commencement of the disease there is a 
spasmodic cough, later a suppressed short weak cough, with a 
double expiration, and the passage of wind by the anus. In ordi- 
nary breathing no aid is needed to expel the air; the natural elas- 
ticity of the lungs performs the work. In this disease the muscles 
of the abdomen arc used, as is noticed by the heaving of the flanks. 

While the causes of the previous troubles have been overload- 
ing the system, the cause of this trouble is more mechanical in its 
nature and may, owning to the feed that causes it, be a disease of 
the poor feeder's horse, FOUNDER (BIG LEG), etc., being dis- 
eases of the horses belonging to the heavy feeder. The custom, 
existing among so many farmers, of continually filling a horse's 
manger with hay, even having them littered with it. is one of the 
great causes of this disease, especially is this so when the hay is 
uf poor quality, hard and innutritions, the horse being given an 
extra quantity to make up for the deficient quality. Hard chopped 
straw, overripe rye grass, are all liable to cause this incurable dis- 
ease, being irritating in their effect on the stomach wall and delicate 
filaments of the tenth nerve, the nerve which controls the lung 
movement — thus the relation of feeding to this disease is at once 
more readily seen and understood. 

Heredity may also be said to have an influence on the frequency 
with which this trouble shows in a breeding stud. Although treat- 
ment is only palliative, it should none the less be adopted, such as 
feeding roots and grass, or some soiling crop in place of dry hay. 
Limit the feed and water, and let what is given be of the best qual- 
ity, clean oats and hay free from dust; sprinkle the hay with water 
before feeding. In France the hay is dampened with molasses and 
water with good results. The feeding of boiled flax-seed or four to 
six ounces of linseed oil daily are very usefid and serve to keep the 
bowels and skin in good order. Clover hay is very unsuitable ; 
clean, bright timothy is preferable. In mild cases improvement is 



44 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



frequently noticed Avhen horses arc taken from the Kast to the 
Western prairies. 

Horses affected with heaves must be fed hay and bulky fodder 
very sparingly, say about two or three pounds a day. Rather in- 
crease the grain ration in order to decrease the distension of the 
abdomen. By so doing you will give the lungs more breathing 
space and their functional activity can more easily be increased. 
Then give a teaspoonful of National Emphysema Powders on food 
three times daily for at least ten days. Rest for a week and repeat 
until the animal shows no more signs of heaves. By no means al- 
loAv the animal to fill up to its utmost capacity on hay, fodder, straw 
or grass while attempting to relieve or cure heaves. National 
Emphysema Powders is a new, but the most reliable, remedy for 
this ailment. 

CHOKING in cattle is usually due to the attempt to swallow 
whole potatoes, pieces of turnip, old shoes, etc. ; in horses from bolt- 
ing the feed, such as whole oats, or from hard physic balls, pieces of 
roots, pressure by the collar, or the formation of abscesses in colt 
distemper (Strangles). In cattle, there is a flow of saliva from the 
inouth, attempts to cough, bloating, and the presence of the obstru<- 
tion somewhere along the course of the gullet indicate the trouble ; 
in horses the nose is poked out. the neck is stiff, if attempts to drink 
are made the fluid is discharged through the nostrils, there is slaver 
ing, an anxious expression, difiicult breathing; the horse may drop 
to the ground. 

TREATMENT 

The treatment in cattle is comparatively simple and sticcessful ; 
the bloating is first relieved by tapping, an oiled probang or whip 
stock is passed down the gullet and endeavor made to push the ob- 
stacle on down. A little oil poured down occasionally, or before 
the use of the probang, is also useful. An assistant may also gently 
try to work the obstruction downward if seen; do not use a whip- 
stock unless very flexible or a torn gullet and death may result. A 
rubber garden hose attached to a force pump and forcing a little 
water gently will dilate the oesophagus and tend to remove the ob- 
struction. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 45 



DROPPING WADS OF HAY 

When a horse drops wads of hay while eating it is a sure sign 
of broken or defective teeth. Usually he will salivate considerably 
while eating, besides dropping the food. These conditions are most 
I ommon the season of the year when farn; horses have a good ap- 
petite and are eager to eat and unfortunately bite on a piece of metal 
or stone in the oats or other grain, thereby splitting or breaking one 
or more of the teeth. In most cases the broken piece does not come 
off immediately, but remains on either side of the process, only to 
c ut the tongue or delicate membranes of the mouth ; or, if the toolh 
is split in two, the food is pressed between the split surfaces, whicli 
spreads the two pieces apart, thus causing the food to become lodged 
there permanently and decompose. This causes an offensive smell 
and is \cry painful to the animal, thus interfering with mastication 
and bringing about the above mentioned conditions. 

TREATMENT 

Have the fractured particles of teeth removed and the teeth 
floated. This usually affords immediate relief. It is good practice 
to have a horse's mouth looked over once a year. They feel a tooth- 
ache as keenly as you do, but cannot make their troubles known, nor 
are they able to help themselves. Acute indigestion, colics, and gen- 
eral unthriftiness are often the result of faulty teeth. 



DISEASES OF THE TEETH 

The stockman is seldom worried with TOOTH TROUBLES 
in sheep, cattle, and pigs, and, unless well informed, is apt to think 
liorses are just as free. Such, however, is not the case. The slight- 
est irregularity of the teeth will interfere more or less with chew- 
ing and masticating the food, quite readily understood if a person is 
familiar \\ith the arrangement of the teeth. NO HORSE IS EX- 
EMPT. Erom colthood to old age the teeth are liable to need at- 
tention. There are general symptoms, such as unthriftiness, (often 
in spite of good and liberal feeding and little work) there is drib- 
bling of saliva from the mouth, (ends of hay may be dropped from 
the mouth, water is let fall out when drinking, the horse may crib 
or windsuck, the feces may contain undigested feed) there may be 
swelling of the jaw, a partial refusal of food, loss of flesh; the ani- 
mal may pull on the bit or refuse to take hold at all, and there may 
be swelling of the gums just behind the upper front teeth. If this 



46 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



symptom — not a disease, remember — is seen, the word "Lampas" is 
uttered and the cause of the trouble thought to be located; the 
swollen gums are perhaps torn with nails or burned with hot irons, 
but there is no improvement. To the well informed the cause is 
soon known — it is the teeth. Here the veterinarian with the 
proper instruments is indispensable. The employment of a quack, a 
traveling (so-called) horse dentist, or the attempt to treat the condition 
by the owner or groom will be unsatisfactory, being cruel and worrying 
to the horse, even to the extent of spoiling his mouth for life. Every- 
one knows that the efforts of the expert human dentist are directed 
to preserve the teeth, not to insert false ones, even more important is 
this effort in the horse, false teeth in him not being practicable; a 
horse's usefulness, and therefore his life, depends as much on his teeth, 
or more so, than on any organ of the body, and while horse buyers only 
examine the front teeth to determine the age, the well-posted person 
will want to know the condition of the grinders, and whether any are 
absent or diseased. The yearly examination of the horse's mouth by 
the veterinarian is one of the most profitable investments that can be 
made by an owner, as feed, flesh and the required power to do the work 
will be saved. The period of teething, it will be remembered, extends 
almost from birth until the horse is five years old, consequently, the 
colt is just as liable to have tooth troubles as is an old horse. The milk 
(Temporary) molars or crowns, as they are termed, are often retained 
instead of being shed at the proper time, especially during the age of 
two to four years. The symptoms already mentioned are present and 
the lining of the mouth may show a sore surface, the gums even 
bleeding, as oftentimes a crown becomes partially loose, and its 

sharp and jagged edge will be pressed upon the gums during at- 
tempts to feed ; the treatment is removal of those crowns, the 
smoothing of any sharp edges, soft feed, and in a few weeks the 
improvement is almost beyond belief. 

WOLF TEETH are evidences of evolution in the horse. Show- 
ing his relation to the tapir and other animals, the reasons advanced 
for their removal, namely, danger to the eyes, is not tenable, as the 
eyes are never directly affected by them. They are usually re- 
moved as a matter of policy, by the veterinarian; they might, if 
very large, interfere with the bit; as the wolf tooth has a fang; it 
should be pulled, not knocked out, if its removal is decided upon. 
The commonest trouble that the veterinarian is called upon to treat 
in horse dentistry is the presence of projections of the grinders, and 
such projections causing sore mouths, slavering, the passage of un- 
digested food in the feces, unthriftiness, (sometimes very marked) 



RURAL VETERINARY .SECRETS 



47 



indigestion, wounds of the tongue and lining of the mouth, side 
pulling on the bit, the manger often being covered with saliva. 



TREATMENT 

The treatment is simple, calling as it does for the use of the 
float (dental file) and yet is not simple enough to warrant the trust- 
ing of this work to the traveling quack or the majority of o'mners. 
The veterinarian should be employed and after the removal of the 
projections soft feed should be given for a few days. The average 
work horse will need this attention once a year. 




Excessive salivation (Due to faulty or irregular toolli). 

DECAYED TEETH often cause symptoms in horses which 
have in the past been mistaken for Glanders, Nasal Gleet. Such 
Symptoms as a stinking breath, together with a stinking discharge 
from one nostril, quidding of the food, pain during chewing, (shown 
by the animal suddenly stopping that act often to let some of the 
food fall from the mouth) holding the head to one side when drink- 
ing, loss of condition and perhaps a swelling of the jaw, or fistula <jf 
that bone. The only successful treatment is removal. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



CRIBBING AND WINDSUCKING are two diseases due to 
idleness, or the habit may have started in the colt during teething. 
It is a very unpleasant vice and affects the condition of a horse more 
or less due to its detriment. The application of a neck-strap w^hen 
in the stable and plenty of work are so far the most satisfactory 
measures to adopt. These vices are considered as UNSOUND- 
NESSES in horses, therefore, in the examination of a horse the 
edges of the front teeth should be looked at to see if those edges are 
worn or chipped, the impress of the neck-strap upon the hair may 
sometimes be detected, and the prospective buyer will draw conclu- 
sions accordingly. 

DISCHARGES FROM THE NOSTRILS are of common oc- 
currence, some are quite serious in their import, others not so much 
so ; briefly we may class them as follows : 

1. If chronic and no smell, yellowish or greenish in color, 
sticky and from one nostril, often the left, suspect glanders. 

2. If chronic and from one nostril, the discharge being of 
a stinking" nature, suspect a decayed tooth. 

3. If chronic from both nostrils, white, glossy, flaky, not 
sticky, more abundant during mastication, the discharge is like- 
ly from the guttural pouches. 

4. If chronic, becoming of the nature of pus, and stinking, 
catarrh, the bones of the head being affected. 

ACUTE DISCHARGES are seen in common colds, inflamma- 
tion of the larynx, bronchitis, pneumonia and lung gangrene (rot- 
ting). 



RURAL VETERINARY ^SECRETS 



49 



FAULTY AND IRREGULAR TEETH 

Animals, like inaii, arc subject to irregular, decayed or broken 
(oetli. Of all the lower animals, the horse appears to have the most 
(rouble in this connection, due probably to the fact that it feeds 
more on whole grain, especially oats. Oats is liable to contain small 
stones and pieces of nails and bolts, such as often get into the oats 
while threshing or cleaning. When the animal, in its eagerness 
Avhile hungry bites into these hard objects, it is liable to break or 
split one or more teeth, thus causing acute sensitiveness, excessive 
salivation, and inability to properly masticate the food thereafter, 
besides starting favorable openings for decomposition of the teeth, 
in which particles of food substances may lodge and decompose. 




PLATE 3 

Lower tliird molar growing into cavity where upper 

corresponding molar is missing. 



If decay works deeply into a split tooth, it is liable to cause 
stubborn fistulas of the jaw, attended with a discharge of an of- 
fensive odor from the nostrils, which invariably indicates decay of 
bone. When a tooth is broken ofif, the corresponding tooth in the 
opposite jaw upon which it is supposed to grind, will begin to grow 
into the cavity. (See Plate 3.) In these cases there may be a sharp 
projection an inch or more in length. If this is the case the animal 
will cud its hay and spit it out. 



50 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



SYMPTOMS 

When an animal shows an excessive flow of saliva from the 
mouth, and, showing a willingness to eat, grabs the food eagerly and 
suddenly drops it or holds its head to one side as if in pain after 
drinking cold water, you may be assured that there is something 
Avrong with the teeth which might have caused wounds in the 
mouth. 

All irregularities and decomposition of teeth interfere with the 
proper mastication of food and lead to indigestion. This very often 
terminates in colic, bloating, inflammation of the bowels, worms, 
ui]thriftiness, and various organic troubles. Besides, it causes an 
enormous waste of food. Under these conditions a horse may 
easily waste from 10c to 25c worth of digestible food per day. Let 
us take 15c per day for example : In 365 days you would lose $54.75 
in food alone, to say nothing about the amount of service you lose 
during this time on account of ill-health and lack of spirit and 
energy, which naturally follow these conditions. 

TREATMENT 

To avoid all this, the owner should have his horse's teeth ex- 
amined at least once a year or oftener. The horse cannot tell you 
when it has a toothache, but you may feel assured that the faithful 
animal feels it just as keenly as you do. 

RESTRAINT 

Floating, filing, and trimming the teeth of horses can be ac- 
complished without provoking resistance enough to demand any 
forcible means of restraint. The minor dental operations are ac- 
cepted with remarkable complacency by the great majority of 
horses. The only necessary restraint is to prevent the horse from 
backing away from the operator and from elevating the muzzle out 
of reach of the hands and instruments. This is done by backing the 
horse into a single stall and securing the head at a comfortable 
height on the pillar reins with the DENTAL. HALTER. The ordi- 
nary leather halter is not satisfactory for this purpose because one 
side or the other will press against the cheek and prevent the free 
passage of instruments along the teeth. 

The dental halter consists of a leather-covered iron loop fifteen 
inches long and nine inches wide with a single poll strop and a ring 
on each side for the tie ropes. The poll strap is of two-inch heavy 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



51 



leather vvitli numerous buckle-holes to make it adjustable to any- 
sized head. The tie ropes are ordinary half inch hemp, long enough 
to encircle the pillar or to reach the pillars of a stall of any ordi- 
nary width. Whenever the tie ropes, owing to the construction of 
the stall, cannot be tied low enough on the pillars to hold the head 
down to the proper height, a third rope or strap is tied to the lower 
end of the halter, passing between the fore legs around the withers 
and back again between the fore legs to the halter. By this addi- 
tion a horse can be secured in an open room, field, or box stall with 
only the assistance of one person to steady the head. 

In the absence of the dental halter, dental operations should 
be performed with the aid of an assistant, holding the head with 
one hand on the poll and the other over the nasal bridge. 

The operator takes his place directly in front of the horse, 




Floating the molars. 

placing his left hand over the bridge of the horse's nose to help 
steady the head and draw the patient's attention. The right hand 
is then passed into the mouth through the dental space of the left 
side of the patient's mouth, pressing its tongue from the right to 



52 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS. 



and between the left molars, whereby he can easily explore every 
molar on the right side of the mouth with his middle finger. To 
explore the left molars use the left hand in the same manner from 
the opposite side. 

If any broken or decayed teeth are found, they should be re- 
moved at once. If the teeth are irregular they should be trimmed 
down and properly floated. After this the condition of the animal 
can be quickly built up by feeding a tablespoonful of National Al- 
terative Powders. This corrects all disorders of the digestive organs 
thus brought about, kills the worms, and builds up the rundown 
system. 



CALF SCOURS 

Scours in calves is the cause of loss of a large percent of our 
best bred, new-born members of the herd. It is due to either one of 
two causes. 

First, the mother's milk may be too rich for the delicate sfom 
ach of the little calf, or ])ossibly she has been milked several days 
or a week before calving, thus depriving tlic calf of the colostrum, 
or first milk, which belongs to tlie calf. If this is the case, the calf 
should be given a tablespoonful of castor oil as soon as the trouble 
is noticed. Then follow with a teaspoonful of Elk's Anti-Scour 
Powders in the mother's milk, diluted one-half with warm water 
three times daily. 

Second, the calf may have contagious or infectious scours, 
which aiTects every newly-born calf in the barn. This can be pre- 
vented by giving a hypodermic injection of bactrins just as soon 
after birth as possible. 



LOSS OF APPETITE 

Loss of appetite usually indicates a derangement of the di- 
gestive organs. It accompanies almost all organic ailments. In 
order to prescribe an effective remedy for the same, we must first 
of all ascertain the cause and remove it. When the cause has been 
removed, we must assist nature to repair the unnatural condition 
thus brought about. To do this an effective alterative is indicated. 
There is nothing better than a teaspoonful of National Alterative 
Powders in moist food three times daily. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 53 



COLIC IN HORSES 

'I'he term colic pertains to disorders of the colon (or large 
bowel) of the horse, to any disorders of the stomach or digestive 
organs. The most frequent causes of colic are acute indigestion, 
change of food, hay partly cured, new thrashed oats eaten while 
in a sweat, wilted corn fodder, musty grain or silages, frozen grass 
or roots, and watering after a heavy meal, especially when the horse 
has been deprived of the same for some time. 



TREATMENT 

Give one or two tablespoon fuls of National Specific for Colic 
and Urinary Troubles in twice as much water. If the case is very 
severe, you may repeat in one hour. One dose almost invariably 
suffices and gives prompt relief. This specific contains appropriate 
anodynes to relieve the pain, carminatives to limit the gases, and 
anti-ferments to prevent them from re-occuring, besides having suf- 
ficient laxative and stimulating qualities not to interfere with the 
action of the bowels. It relaxes the muscles of the bladder and al- 
lows the urine to flow freely. It is not expensive, is very effective, 
and is especially valuable in case of emergency. 



ACUTE INDIGESTION (Often termed Colic) 

A common disorder of the digestive organs due to overloading 
the stomach or stomachs, the taking of mouldy, frozen, or un- 
wholesome food, eating hastily, without properly chewing the food, 
faulty and irregular teeth, or feeding while warm and fatigued from 
exhaustive work, or watering while warm. 



TREATMENT 

Dissolve one ounce of National Specific for Colic and Urinary 
Troubles in three ounces of water and give as a drench or with a 
syringe. Within ten or fifteen minutes you will usually notice the 
passing of natural gases from the rectum, which is almost invariably 
followed by natural urination. These are sure signs of an early re- 
covery. If not relieved in one-half hour repeat this dose. It is 
rarely necessary to give more than one dose unless you have com- 
plications with other diseases. 



54 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



INTESTINAL CALCULI 




Each Calculus contains a three-cornered glazing tin for its 
nucleus. 



Intestinal Calculi are lime stones in bowels formed by the ani- 
mal swallowing foreign substances, such as nails, tacks, or pieces of 
metal. While in the alimentary tract the lime contained in the food 
and water adhere to the foreign bodies and form these lime stones, 
as lime has a special affinity for metal, the metal nucleus is the 
most common, although other substances may be found in a cal- 
culus, such as balls of hair swallowed when animals lick each other. 

The above cut shows a number of calculi weighing 3 poimds 
and 8 ounces found in the large bowels of a horse eighteen months 
after the horse had swallowed a package of window glazing tacks. 
Each one of these stones contains for its nucleus one of these tacks. 
The animal died of a sunstroke and on post mortem examination the 
bunch of calculi was discovered. 

When an animal craves for such foreign substances, it is an 
indication of indigestion. The stomach usually is sour and the 
patient craves for alkalis. In such cases give a full dose of Bovolax, 
one pound for a horse or cow, dissolved in a quart of warm water. 
This will tend to remove the cause. Then follow with charcoal or 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 55 



Neutrogen in tablespoonful doses twice daily in moist food to neu- 
tralize the secretions of the stomach. 

It is difficult to determine whether or not an animal carries a 
calculus unless it becomes large enough to be felt in the abdomen. 
A calculus might grow to the size of a man's head. Then they be- 
come dangerous, as when they become dislodged they might cause 
a complete obstruction of the bowel which might result in death. 
The smaller calculi are often dislodged and passed out without be- 
ing noticed and usually are harmless. A large dose of ])hysic, such 
as aloes or Bovolax, will often cause their expulsion. 



PREVENT DISEASE BY FEEDING FOR HEALTH 

AND PROFIT 

It is not a question of how much of a well balanced ration an 
animal can eat, but how much of it is properly digested. 

The importance of assisting the digestive organs to perform 
their natural functions and thereby to increase the nutritive value 
of animal food intelligently, while the animal is in the state of 
domestication, has been sadly neglected in the past, but is now 
deemed an absolute necessity. The successful feeder watches every 
meal the animal eats and also watches the effect it has on the animal. 
It is only human for an owner to be selfish, or greedy, for the sake 
of making an animal produce as much milk, beef, pork, veal, mutton, 
etc., as possible in as short a time as possible, to go just a little too 
far and overcrowd the digestive organs. In this attempt the animal 
gets a set-back for three or four days and possibly so many weeks, 
or is liable to be out of sorts for some time thereafter,- simply be- 
cause the digestive organs have been overtaxed and weakened and 
you did not make good what you had wronged in your selfish at- 
tempt for gain. This means a loss of time and money as well as 
discomfort to the animal. 

For instance, you have a cow which you wish to push to the 
front to make a high milk record while she is being stable feed ; you 
think you are doing your duty when you water and feed her at 
proper hours and gradually increase her grain ration as long as she 
will eat it up clean. But all at once she will refuse her feed, will 
rapidly let up on her flow of milk, show a swollen quarter or two, 
give curded milk, or at times only a small amount of amber colored 
fluid from one or more teats, and the feces will have an offensive 



56 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



sour odor. All of these are signs of faulty digestion due to over- 
taxing the digestive organs and lack of proper assistance to these 
organs while put to this severe test. 

You will notice that such conditions are rarely found when the 
cow is at liberty in the pasture where she has access to the ad- 
vantages of nature. Many of us have seen a cow or horse paw a hole 
into the ground and eat clay, chew old bones, pieces of rusty iron or 
even eat dry wood, etc. When they do this they are doing it for 
a purpose and usually the purpose is to neutralize the secretions of 
the digestive organs, which have been deranged for some reason or 
other. But while confined to the stable, she is deprived of all these 
advantages and is dependent entirely upon you. Naturally you give 
her hay, grain, water, and possibly some ensilage, you prepare your 
ration to suit your own convenience, but pay too little attention to 
the natural wants of the cow, and the same plan is carried out dur- 
ing the entire season. You deprived her of the advantages of nature 
and it now becomes your duty to study out a plan by which you 
can substitute something artificially in place of those things which 
you are not furnishing her, but is demanded by nature. If you will 
take the trouble to do this, your cow, horse, sheep, or hog, what- 
ever it may be, will surely thrive better and yield more profit for 
the amount of food consumed. 

If a man were confined like animals are, he would not thrive 
so well either. We may feel like eating beefsteak with onions for 
a while, but if we were to get it three times a day with the same 
side dish and dessert, we would soon call for a change, no matter 
how near a proper ration this would figure out to be. When eating 
our meats, which correspond to the grain in an herbivorous animal's 
ration, we spice it to aid its digestibility, and we add such spices 
as are best adapted for the kind of food we take. We take care that 
all our vital organs are properly toned so that they may perform 
their natural functions, by taking such food as we desire and which 
answers nature's demand for the system, but we forget that an 
animal under domestication should have like privileges, in order to 
thrive best. 

The writer hereof was born and raised on a farm, has practiced 
veterinary medicine for twenty-seven years in a dairy and stock 
raising community where one cannot help but observe a necessity 
which must in the future find more sympathy for the dumb animal 
in the hearts and minds of mankind for the mutual benefit of both. 
It appears that we can supply this call of nature with a little 
careful observation and study of the actual needs of the animal's 



RURAL VETERINARY SEGRETS ^57 



body, as well as we can figure out a proper food ration. If we feed 
for profit, we must also feed for health, and as an animal cannot 
very well be profitable unless it is healthy, the two must go together. 

If an animal refuses its usual food ration, we at once conclude 
there is something wrong with the digestive organs. This is not all, 
for if one of the vital organs of the body is out of order the rest must 
suffer in sympathy, as in a state of perfect health all the vital organs 
must work in harmony with each other. In looking for the cause 
of the trouble you must conclude that it is due to an error in feed- 
ing and hasten to remove the cause before it becomes chronic and 
causes a lot of unnecessary waste of time, food and energy. We 
then must hasten to repair the damage which has been done by this 
little error, by administering stimulating agents to the organs af- 
fected to bring them back to their natural condition and enable them 
to perform their natural functions. 

One of the first symptoms of a deranged condition of the or- 
gans of digestion is a sour smell from the mouth and also from the 
feces. This is an indication of an excessive acidity. This acidity 
can easily be eliminated and avoided by adding to the food ration 
enough of a simple alkali which favors digestion and avoids the 
trouble in the first place. We next notice that the liver, lymphatics, 
kidneys and other organs become inactive and lack tone ; this we 
eliminate by adding simple, natural alteratives ahd dieretics, such 
as really belong in the food ration and are demanded by nature. We 
also can tone the nervous system and the process of digestion by 
adding natural stomachics and tonics in the same proportions as the 
animal gets under natural conditions. By carefully studying the 
natural conditions required to make an animal healthy and profitable 
and comparing them with the conditions existing when the animal 
is under domestication, one must conclude that the deficiency which 
we all admit can easily be figured out if you are familiar with the 
requirements of the animal body. 

The writer believes he has figured out the proper formula to 
meet all the demands of nature in such a form that every farmer can 
prepare his own stock food or stock tonic, so that he will receive 
more benefit out of a given amount of food the year round and keep 
the animal in its proper health than can be obtained under the ordi- 
nary practice of feeding. By adding this formula to the daily food 
ration in proper proportions, you place the animal under domestica- 
tion on a level with the one that is allowed its natural freedom in 
the rich meadow or pasture. Its blood is kept in exactly the same 
condition and is supplied with all the demands of nature. 



58 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETE 



FORMULA 

Old Process Oil Meal 85 lbs. 

Common Salt 10 lbs. 

National Sanguitone Compound 5 lbs. 

100 lbs. 



DIRECTIONS: 

Mix well and give one tablespoonful in food twice daily to adult 
horses or cattle, smaller animals take less according to size and age. 

This compound is the natural substitute for fresh grass. 
Sanguitone can now be obtained in any up-to-date drug store. If 
your local dealer does not keep it, write to the Author and you 
will be supplied without delay. 

This formula is not a secret. There is no patent on it, you can 
save from a hundred to two hundred per cent by making your own 
stock food or tonic and get far better results from your stock. Thou- 
sands of farmers have taken advantage of this opportunity and have 
reported flattering results. 



CHAPTER IV. 



Diseases Common to the Reproductive 

Organs 




Diagram of teat and one quavter of udder. 
s, sphincter muscle; t, teat; r, milk resei-voir; d, the duct; o, opening of 
a duct; 1, lobe; 1', a lobule lined by c, epithelium ;'f, folds of mucous mem- 
brane. 



60 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



THE MILK GLANDS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS 

The milk glands are essential to the proper performance of the 
reproductive function. Man has, however, made use of the milk func- 
tions and developed it to such an extent that some cows are now 
specialists in milk production ; the result of such specialization is 
that the milk glands have become larger, the milking habit more 
persistent, the quantity given greater and the liability to disease 
increased. 



THE UDDER 

The arrangement and construction of these milk glands varies 
in the different animals. The mare's udder consists of two halves 
each presenting a nipple or teat pierced by openings for the passage 
of milk ; in mares that have never borne young the teats and udder 
are small, in old brood mares the udder and teats are large and 
flabby. 

The udder of the cow is composed of two halves, each again di- 
vided so that we speak of the quarters of an udder; while in the ewe 
two glands only arc present, each with a teat ; in the sow the udder 
extends along the belly and has from eight to ten teats belonging to 
as many glands, arranged in two rows lengthwise. The interior 
of the gland is made up of gland tissue formed into lobes, each lobe 
being made up of smaller lobules, each of these in turn being made 
up of cells and small ducts. These ducts unite to form large ducts, 
all of which gradually converge to the center of the gland where 
they form cavities known as milk sinuses, (they used to be termed 
lactiferous (milk-making) sinuses. 

The milk sinuses empty the lacteal secretion into the teats, 
each of which is guarded by a sphincter muscle at its lower end. 
It is this sphincter muscle which is so hard to relax in some cows 
that causes them to be termed hard milkers. The udder is lined 
with a delicate cell structure known as epithelium, this cell structure 
extends to the alveoli (lobules). 



SHAPE OF MILK GLAND 

It has been stated that the internal parts of the udder consist 
of cells and other structures; and as such, require the use of the 
microscope more or less in their examination. Besides the cells, 
considerable connective tissue enters into the udder formation and 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



61 



the amount of such tissue materially affects the elasticity of the 
udder, as it does in muscle. The so-called meatiness depends on the 
presence of a large quantity of connective tissue, the presence of 
which cannot help but supplant gland tissue (secreting tissue) ; 
therefore we can understand why expert udder-judges want elastic 
udders on their cows. Professor Plumb has made a series of studies 
of the external form of the udder and the relation of that form to 
usefulness. We cannot do better than note what he says regarding 
the matter: "A good type of udder will have its side-line, that of 
the curve of a circle, if a fine udder, it will be carried along beyond 
the lines of the circle, by an extension along the belly and up be- 
tween the hind legs. Such an udder with teats about three and one- 
half inches long, makes a good type as viewed from the side. Ex- 
amined from the rear, there should be considerable thickness, the 




FIG. 48 



MAMMARY VEINS AND UDDER. 

I. I. I. I. I. — Udder Veins. F. F. — Forks of the right niaimnary vein. 

Or. Or. Or. — Orifices in whicli tlic maminary veins enter the abdomen 
on the way to the heart. B. — Branch vein. A. E. — Abdominal extension. 
C. E. — Chest extension. U. D. — Umbilical development of the mammary 
veins. C. — Connection between the main two veins. 

dividing furrow shallow and no meatiness, the good udder when 
milked out being fairly well shrunken." While the ultimate test of 
the milking ability will be the scales and the Babcock test, there can 
be no doubt whatever after a close study of the experiments of Prof. 
Plub that the shape and construction of the udder are valuable in- 
dications towards getting a correct idea of the milking abilities of a 
cow. The above authority calls attention to the lack of fore udder 
in many cows and gives figures to back up his contention^ — that the 



62 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



best udder is squarely-balanced, elastic-feeling udder, with a large 
blood supply. Certain breeds are deficient in this respect, the 
Ayrshire, however, being strong in fore udder development. There 
is much in heredity; many stock breeders examine the bull intended 
to head their herds, for the placing of the rudimentaries (small 
teats just in front of bag or scrotum), as they believe that such plac- 
ing is an indication of the probable placing of the teats in his 
progeny, consequently they v\^ant the rudimentaries squarely placed. 
Prof. Plumb puts the question "May not a material gain in milk- 
flow be secured by developing the fore udder?" The figures sub- 
mitted by him in Bulletin 62, of Purdue University, certainly hold 
out testimony that such improvement may result. 

In heavy milkers the udder is often perpendicular. What is 
termed the funnel-shaped udder is not a desirable type, neither are 
udders with very large teats. It is interesting to note that no such 
irregularities of form is presented by any part of the anatomy of 
the horse, ox, sheep or pig, as shown in the milk glands of the cow. 
If one-quarter of an udder is diseased, the other quarters do not 
seem to take on the work of the resting quarters. 

FUNCTION OF THE UDDER 

The function of the udder is to secrete milk, the stimulus to do 
so being the maternal function, thus the work of this organ differs 
from that of others in the body, since its secretion serves no useful 
purpose to the animal secreting, but is intended to serve as a food 
on which to raise the offspring. 

SECRETION OF MILK 

The secretion of milk is held to depend on a throwing off of 
the epithelial cells of the alveoli, combined with a filtering out of 
water, salts and other materials from the blood ; when that secretion 
takes place is yet a moot point, but the opinion held by the best 
authorities is that the secretion of the greater part of the milk goes 
on during the act of milking. It is now held that the nervous sys- 
tem has a great deal to do with the production of milk, a reasonable 
conclusion when we remember that the activity of a gland depends 
largely on its blood supply, that supply being controlled by the 
nerves, whose action is to contract or widen the blood vessels. 

Roehrig describes a nerve which leaves the spinal cord and goes 
to the udder; filaments from its branches go to the teats, the cis- 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 63 



terns and the alveoli. When the teats are worked with the hands 
or milking cups, the nerves surrounding them are irritated, and 
through them the secreting glands are stimulated, causing their con- 
traction and the discharge of their contents. 

The veins along the belly leave the front of the udder and go 
forward in a more or less winding manner, branch more or less often, 
and eventually disappear through holes on the abdominal floor, 
termed milk-wells, then pass along on the inside of the upper side 
of the breast bone, to be eventually united to the internal thoracic 
vein (the mammary vein of the human). 

MAMMARY VEIN 

The mammary vein then will be accepted as affording some in- 
dication at least of the milking capabilities of a cow. Some breed- 
ers' associations call for certain arrangements of those veins, as fol- 
lows : Single and double extension, single and double branches, 
single and double chest extension, or umbilical (navel) veins). The 
wells vary in number from one to three on each side of the animal, 
hence they should be of good size. 

Ihc greater the capacity of the arteries and veins conuectcd 
zvilh the luider, the larger the milk secretion will usually be. Theory 
and practice then seem to unite and back up the ideals of the dairy- 
man, one of which is a great development of the mammary veins. 
The arterial supply cannot be seen, and only parts of the venous 
system of the udder are visible, viz., the abdominal veins and those 
underlying the skin of the udder, yet reasonable conclusions can be 
drawn from the development of the milk veins. 



HOLDING UP THE MILK 

Various theories have been advanced to account for this illus- 
tration of animal perversity and human peculiarity ; the latter prob- 
ably had been shown in the form of abuse, and of course, stamps 
the exhibitor as one not fit to own or milk cows. Wing, in "Milk 
and Its Products," states that the holding of the milk is due to the 
presence of sphincter muscles at the branching of the ducts, and 
that this muscular tissue is connected with the abdominal muscles, 
which is contracted as a result of fright, dislikes, etc., will cause 
the milk to be retained in the udder, or, as it is termed, the cow 
holds up her milk. So far we have been unable, either by dissection 
of udders or consultation of authorities on the anatomy and histo- 



64^ RURAL VETERINARY SEORETlS 



logy of the udder, to verify his statement. Furstenberg states that 
holding up of the milk is due to a congestion of the blood vessels 
of the teat and gland, which is more tenable than the preceding 
theory, as it is well ktiown that congestion interferes with the work- 
ing of any gland. 



SUPPRESSION OF MILK 

The absence of milk in the udder may result from ill-health, de- 
bility, emaciation, chronic diseases of the bag, wasting of the gland 
from previous disease, or insufficient food, but sometimes it will 
occur suddenly without any appreciable cause. 



TREATMENT 

The treatment will consist of removing the cause of the disease, . 
feeding well on rich albuminoid food made into warm mashes, and 
giving teaspoonful doses of National Sanguitone. Rubbing and 
stripping the udder are useful ; also the a]>p]icati(»n of h"-lcctric Cream 
after each rubbitig: twice or three times daily. 



BLOODY MILK 

Blood may escape with the milk when the udder has been in- 
jured by blows, also when it is congested or inflamed, when the 
circulation through it has been suddenly increased by richer and 
more abundant food, or when the cow is under the excitement of 
heat. The milk frothing up and assuming a pink tinge is often the 
first sign of red water and it may result from eating acrid or irritant 
plants like the Ranunculacae, resinous plants, etc. Deposits of 
tubercular tumors in the udder, or induration of the gland may be 
efficient causes, the irritation caused by milking contributing to 
draw the blood. Finally, there may be a reddish tinge or sediment 
when madder or logwood has been eaten. 

When milk becomes red after it is drawn it may be due to the 
presence of Micrococcus prodigiosus. This also grows on bread and 
is the explanation of the supposed miracle of the "bleeding host." 

TREATMENT 

The treatment will vary with the cause. In case of congested 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 65 



glands take one pound package of Bovolax. Dissolve in a gallon 
of warm water, and give a quart as a drench every three hours until 
four consecutive doses are given. Thereafter give one-half ounce 
of saltpeter in drinking water twice daily. Bathe the udder with 
warm water one-half hour at a time twice daily and rub with NA- 
TIONAL ELECTRIC CREAM. If the food is too rich or abund- 
ant, it must be reduced ; if from acrid plants these must be removed 
from pasture or fodder. Careful milking is imperative. 

BLUE MILK 

Water}' milk is blue, but the presence of a germ causes a dis- 
tinct blue shade, even in rich milk and cream. It may reach the 
milk after it has been drawn, or it may find its way into the opening 
of the milk ducts and enter the milk as it is drawn. 

TREATMENT 

In the latter case frequent milking and a full dose of Bovolax 
followed with an injection into the teats of a solution of two drams 
of hyposulphite of soda in a pint of water will serve to destroy them. 



STRINGY MILK 

This may be caused by germs developing in the liquid. The 
presence of the spores of these germs in the system of the cow may 
be safely inferred from the fact that in a large herd two or three 
cows only will yield such milk at a time, and that after a run of ten 
days or a fortnight they will recover and others will be attacked. I 
have found that such affected cows had the temperature raised one 
or two degrees above the others. Like most other fungi this does 
not grow out into filaments within the body of the cow, but in five 
or six hours after milking the surface layers are found to be one 
dense network of filaments. If a needle is dipped into this and lifted, 
the liquid is drawn out into a long thread. In several cases which 
have been investigated, the contamination was manifestly due to a 
spring which oozed out of a bank of black muck soil and stood in 
pools mixed with the ejections of the animals. Inoculation of pure 
milk with the water as it flowed out of these banks developed in it 
the fungus and the stringy characters. By fencing in these springs 
and giving the aft'ected cows each a full dose of Bovolax followed 
with two drams of bicarbonate of soda daily, the trouble was arrested 
promptly and permanently. 



66 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



CONGESTION OF THE UDDER (Garget) 




Swollen and caked udders. 



In heavy milkers before and just after calving it is a rule that 
the mammary gland is enlarged, hot, tense and tender. There is 
also a slight congestion or swelling extending forward from the 
gland on the lower surface of the abdomen. This physiological con- 
gestion is looked upon as a matter of course and disappears in two 
or three days when the secretion of milk has been fully established. 
This breaking up of the swollen bag may be greatly hastened by 
the sucking of a hungry calf and the kneading it gives the udder 
with its nose, by stripping the glands, clean thrice daily, and by 
active rubbing at each milking with the palm of the hand, with or 
without lard. 

The congestion may be at times aggravated by standing in a 
draft of cold air or by neglect to milk for an entire day or more 
(overstocking) with the view of making a great show of udder for 
the purpose of sale. In such cases the surface of the bag pits on 
pressure and the milk has a reddish tinge or even streaks of blood, 
or it is partially or fully clotted, is drawn with difficulty and may 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 67 



be mixed with a yellowish scrum (whey) which has separated from 
the casein, commonly called Garget. This should be treated like the 
above, though it may sometimes demand fomentations with warm 
water succeeded by a liberal rubbing with Electric Cream (Na- 
tional) three times daily and giving a large teaspoonful of saltpeter 
in drinking water three times daily to ward off inflammation. It 
may be a week before the natural condition of the gland is restored. 



CAKED UDDERS 

Caked udders in cows and other farm animals are due to over- 
distension of the udder, excessive exercise with a full udder, lying 
on and squeezing the udder in a small, uncomfortable stall, or any 
kind of external violence to the udder. 

TREATMENT 

Remove the cause if you can find it. Then bathe the udder with 
warm water (as warm as you can stand to your hands) for one-half 
hour, after which rub well with National Electric Cream. Repeat 
this twice daily. Dissolve a pound package of Bovolax in a gallon 
of warm water. Give a quart every morning and night until the 
entire gallon has been given. Then you may give a teaspoonful of 
saltpeter in food once or twice daily and keep on applying the Elec- 
tric Cream and warm water until the udder is normal. This will re- 
lieve a swollen udder and bring it to its natural condition more 
quickly than any remedy known. 



FAILURE TO COME IN HEAT 

This complaint is more common among cattle than other farm 
animals, possibly because of the presence of the germ which causes 
abortion in a herd, (Bacillus Abortus.) When abortion exists in 
a herd, even though it is only to a slight extent, the organs of gen- 
eration are more or less depoverished. This accounts for the lack 
of oestrum or failure to come in heat. There are other causes, such 
as debilitating diseases and a rundown condition. 

TREATMENT 

In these cases the patient must be fed grain more liberally, care 
being taken not to overfeed, but to keep the digestive organs in 



68 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



good, active condition. The very best way to build up the gen- 
erative organs is to tone them with a teaspoonful of Genitone on 
food twice daily. This remedy is claimed by good authorities to be 
a specific for building up the genitals and is very successful in pre- 
venting abortion and barrenness as it acts directly on the nerve 
centers which govern these organs, giving them tone as well as re- 
sisting power. 



LEUCORRHEA 

This is a catarrhal condition of the genital organs, which dis- 
charge a whitish, sticky substance usually following abortion or 
difficult parturition. Wounds inflicted during the act of parturi- 
tion upon any part of these organs bring about infection and an 
abnormal discharge from the genitals, which becomes chronic and 
invariably prevents conception. 



TREATMENT 

Irrigate the uterus and vagina with a solution of two teaspoon- 
fuls of Neutrogen Powders in a quart of luke-warm water once 
daily until the discharge has entirely disappeared. To adult mares 
and cows give a teaspoonful of Genitone in food twice daily to 
strengthen the genitals and restore them to their natural health and 
vigor. For smaller animals reduce the dose according to the size 
and age of the animal. 



ABORTION 

Abortion is of two forms, accidental and contagious. The 
former is caused by accidents such as slipping, crowding into a nar- 
row stall or door, or riding other cattle, etc. The latter (contagious 
abortion) is due to a specific germ known as the Baccilus Abortus, 
gaining access to the organs of reproduction, which cause an irrita- 
tion and shut ofif the nutrition to such an extent as to bring about 
an involuntary expulsion of the foetus. This results in a depov- 
erished condition of the genital organs which weakens them to such 
an extent that they will lack resistance to subsequent attacks of the 
germs, thus bringing about subsequent abortions. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 69 



The losses from abortions are not confined to the death of the 
immature foetus. The attendant conditions of retained afterbirth, 
sterilit}^ and weakling calves, the loss of milk, the cost of combat- 
ing the disease, and not least the loss in breeding efficiency in 
valuable animals combine to make an enormous total. In some in- 
stances, the loss reaches fifty per cent and even seventy-five per cent 
of the calf crop. It is the man who has had to combat abortion 
who can realize how long and difficult a procedure it is. The stock 
industr}^ has already suffered a setback from the discouragement of 
owners, some of whom, in despair, have abandoned the keeping of 
cattle, and others again are contemplating the same course unless 
relief can be afforded. 



SYMPTOMS 

The signs of approaching abortion are : Two or three days 
before the expulsion of the foetus there will be a swelling of the 
udder, swelling of the external genitals, and the appearance of a 
slimy, odorless discharge from the vagina. These symptoms may 
not, however, always appear and abortion may occur without warn- 
ing. In young animals and those aborting for the first time abortion 
usually occurs at an early period. This may occur in the third or 
fourth month of pregnancy and may pass unnoticed because of the 
smallness of the foetus and the absence of disturbance in the gen- 
eral health of the cow. It may lead the owner to believe that she 
has failed to conceive. On the other hand, where abortion takes 
place in the seventh or eighth month of pregnancy, retained after- 
birth is a common occurrence and the act is accompanied by rest- 
lessness and pain. In some cases pregnancy may continue almost 
to the full term and the calf may be born alive, but weak and soon 
dies. In herds where the disease is known to be present, these cases 
should also be considered as abortions. 



TREATMENT 

In every event the genital organs must be strengthened and 
built up to their natural strength and resisting power in order that 
they may perform their proper functions. For this purpose give 
one teaspoonful of Genitone in food once daily, per cow, for one 
month after abortion has taken place. Then rest until about six 
weeks before the usual period when abortion sets in, and continue 
as above until the cow has delivered a healthy calf. If a cow in 
your stable has aborted, destroy the calf, afterbirth, and litter by 



70 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



fire or by burying them deeply, and thoroughly disinfect the entire 
stable. Remove the member which has aborted to a separate clean 
stable and flush the genitals once daily with a 1 per cent solution of 
lisol or a 1 to 2,000 solution of bichloride of mercury^ using at least 
one gallon at each time. Use a fountain syringe or siphon for this 
purpose and continue the flushing until all abnormal discharges 
from the genitals have disappeared. Do not breed the animal for at 
least two or three months in order to give the Genitone a chance to 
restore the reproductive system to its natural condition, when it will 
be more able to resist possible subsequent attacks of the germs and 
also be able to carry the foetus to its full maturity. 

This is the latest and has proven to be the most successful 
treatment for abortion at the present writing. The secret of suc- 
cess in treating abortion is to be thorough in executing the above 
instructions. , 



BARRENNESS 

HOW TO MAKE BARREN COWS AND OTHER FARM 
ANIMALS PRODUCTIVE 

There is scarcely a farmer or dairyman who has not one or 
more barren cows in his herd that are eating up the profits derived 
from the productive ones. The barren cow or heifer takes the place 
of one which might just as well net its owner from $100.00 up- 
ward annually in production of milk alone. In addition to this the 
calf is valued according to its individual merits and breeding. The 
barren cow eats almost the same amount of feed, occupies the same 
amount of room in the stall or pasture, and gives you practically 
nothing in return. She keeps you in constant hope of bringing re- 
turns, especially so if she is well-bred and of good individual merits. 
This will give you special inducements to keep her longer than you 
otherwise would without sending her to the butcher's block. 



THE CAUSE OF BARRENNESS 

There are three principal causes for barrenness. First, the one 
most commonly noticed by breeders and dairymen, occurs where 
there is an abnormal secretion of the mucous membranes of the 
generative organs, which becomes chronic in time and of an of- 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 71 



fensive odor. This is usually due to difficult parturition, injuries 
sustained during the act of parturition, infection by unclean hands 
and instruments of attendants, and also by retaining the placenta, 
where the placenta is not removed and is allowed to remain within 
the uterus and can only be carried out by the process of sloughing. 
All these causes render the mucous secretions more or less acid in 
reaction, a fact which prevents conception by antagonizing the 
spermatozoon (germ of life). 

Second are those causes by which there exist specific germs 
within the genitals, which causes an abnormal condition and alter 
the secretions of the same, such as the germs of abortion, which are 
very common and cause a great deal of trouble at the present time ; 
also altered conditions of the os uterus (mouth of the womb) due 
to the existence of tumors or malignant growths obstructing the 
natural opening of the os, thus preventing conception by excluding 
the spermatozoon entirely. 

The third cause is improper development, or a diseased condi- 
tion of the genitals, which renders them unable to perform their 
natural functions. 



TREATMENT 

In every case, no matter what might be the cause of the dis- 
order, you must first of all ascertain the cause and remove it. This 
can be done by making a careful exploration with your hand, which 
must first be thoroughly cleansed and lubricated with sweet un- 
salted hog's lard. Introduce it through the vulva into the vagina 
and carefully note any abnormality which you may feel; or you 
might use a vaginal speculum, which is made to so dilate these 
organs as to give you a clear view of the parts within. If you notice 
a whitish discharge from the os uterus or vagina, it is a sure sign 
of an abnormal secretion of the mucous membranes, this is almost 
invariably of an acide reaction. In this case you must flush the 
uterus and vagina with a tepid antiseptic solution (lysol 2%) using 
a fountain syringe or siphon. After this you may inject the follow- 
ing solution once daily or until the discharge has ceased : Take 1 
teaspoonful of Neutrogen, dissolve in a pint of water, which has 
been recently boiled and cooled down to body temperature and in- 
ject as above stated. 

This will neutralize the secretions, give nature a chance to re- 
pair the defects, and render the surroundings more favorable to con- 



72 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



ception. This is also the proper treatment when barrenness is 
caused by retention of the placenta, but it is advisable to admin- 
ister tonics which are hereinafter mentioned. When the placenta is 
retained it should always be removed by hand within forty-eight 
hours after parturition to avoid these abnormal conditions, as the 
prevention is much easier than the cure. 

When barrenness is due to the existence of abortive germs, you 
must use a stronger antiseptic solution to destroy these germs. For 
this purpose make a 1 to 2,000 solution of bichloride of mercury and 
flush the genitals as above directed, always being careful to have 
the solution at body temperature and all utensils and instruments 
thoroughly clean. The bichloride solution must not be prepared in 
a tin or metal vessel ; a wooden bucket is probably the most prac- 
tical and economical in this case. A gallon of the solution is the 
average amount used for each flushing in the latter case. If tumors 
or abnormal growths exist, they must be removed surgically and 
the bichloride solution will do to use as an antiseptic to effect a 
proper course of healing. When you have succeeded in restoring 
the genitals to their natural condition, by pursuing the above course, 
you may start to breed the cow again, being careful that everything 
is normal before you start. When barrenness is due to abortion or 
there has been a catarrhal condition of the genitals for some time, 
you will find them greatly depoverished and in need of stimulants 
and tonics to be given within in order to restore them to their natu- 
ral vigor and functional activity. 

In cases of the third kind, when there is a faulty development 
of the genitals, you will frequently find it due to high feeding and 
inbreeding for a special purpose, thus developing the nervous sys- 
tem for this special purpose at the expense of the organs of repro- 
duction. It is for this reason that you will find more barren cows 
in herds that are fancy bred than in the more common ones. Of 
course you may answer to this that the common cow or animal is 
not so valuable and is, therefore, sold for beef without delay. This 
is true, but if there were some means of keeping actual count, you 
would surely see the well-bred female ranking much higher in num- 
ber among the barren ones than those of common blood. 

After ascertaining the cause of barrenness and removing it as 
previously described, you are now ready to build up the genital 
organs, which are either impoverished from the existence of ab- 
normal conditions, or are ill-developed naturally. Both of these 
conditions must be treated by administering such agents as act di- 
rectly upon these organs and favor such repairs and developments 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 73 



■ 


^Sjj^KSBm 




f 


M 


r ^^^^^^^^^^^^^H^ ^B^T ^Bl 


^3 




^^^^^^^^^_ 






H 



Barren cow and her calf — Cow made productive by artificial means. 



74 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



as may be required to assist nature in restoring them to their natural 
condition, which then enables them to perform their natural func- 
tions. 

To prepare the patient for this treatment we first give a pound 
■of Bovolax dissolved in a gallon of warm water, giving one quart 
every four hours until the entire gallon has been given. After this, 
we give a teaspoonful of Genitone once daily in food, which 
acts directly upon the nerve centers of the genital organs. If the 
patient is excessively fat, you must reduce her condition so that she 
is comparatively lean before you begin the treatment. The Geni- 
tone is prepared for this special purpose only and requires no special 
skill to apply it. It comes in powder form and thus can be easily 
given in bran, meal, silage, or other food. Begin to give the powder 
at least three weeks before you breed the cow and continue two 
weeks after. This treatment is inexpensive and thoroughly reliable. 

If your dealer does not keep any of these new and most ef- 
fective preparations, notify the author of "Rural Veterinary Secrets" 
and he will advise you where to get them without delay. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 75 



RETAINING THE AFTERBIRTH (Placenta) 

Animals that retain the afterbirth have an abnormal condition 
of the genital organs, most generally following a premature birth, 
or abortion. Sometimes the foetus (newly-born) is fully developed 
and expelled naturally, but the afterbirth is immature and conse- 
quently adheres to the cotyledons within the uterus, where it must 
be disconnected by hand or remain to be sloughed off at the expense 
of the patient's health and usefulness to the owner. The milk from 
a cow which has retained the placenta and has been allowed to 
slough is not fit for human food, nor is it good for her calf, as some 
liquids from the decomposed tissues are absorbed and thrown into 
the circulation from which the udder draws the milk. Such milk 
usually has an offensive odor, smelling similar to the decomposed 
tissues which are cast olif through the vagina and contains particles 
of this foul substance. It is natural for an animal in this condition 
to become feverish and run-down, partially lose her appetite, give 
less milk and of poor quality, and become generally unthrifty and 
unprofitable for at least several months, which is expensive to the 
owner. 



TREATMENT 

This trouble can easily be prevented by strengthening the nerve 
and blood supply to the genital organs, thus assisting nature to re- 
pair the defects and restore the natural condition of these organs, 
enabling them to perform their natural functions. To prevent re- 
tention of the afterbirth give each cow or mare that is inclined to 
retain, a large teaspoonful of Genitone in food night and morning 
until a healthy delivery of the young and afterbirth has been af- 
fected. Genitone will prevent abortion or premature births and will 
assist to bring a timely development of both foetus and afterbirth. 
Should the latter be retained a short time after delivery, the above 
treatment should be continued until it is expelled, which usually 
takes place within twenty-four hours after delivery. Irrigation of 
the uterus with five grains of Permanganate of Potash dissolved in 
two gallons of warm water once daily until the entire afterbirth is 
expelled will greatly assist in connection with the above named 
treatment, especially in a stubborn case. 



76 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



WARTS ON COWS' TEATS 

These are often very troublesome, yet they may be greatly 
benefitted or entirely removed by smearing them thickly after each 
milking with Glycrole. If they persist they may be cut off with a 
sharp scissors and the sore touched with a stick of lunar caustic. They 
may then be enointed with Glycerole and the caustic repeated as de- 
manded in order to prevent their renewed growth. 



SCABBY TEATS 

Scabby teats may also be smeared with Glycerole twice daily 
after having been washed clean. There is nothing that makes them 
so soft and pliable and heals as quickly as Glycerole. 



HARD MILKING COWS 

Every farmer has had some experience with hard milking cows, 
especially those who do their own milking or have an independent 
hired man. Such cows are aggravating to the owner as well as to 
the milker, because not only does it take twice as long to milk them, 
but also two or three times as much work and patience. The cause 
of hard milkers is to small an opening in the distal end of the teat, 
through which the milk must naturally be forced. 

TREATMENT 

You may enlarge the natural opening in the teat with a teat 
bistoury, which will permit a larger stream of milk. This will come 
much easier and relieve the milker from extra labor. Be careful to 
have the bistoury thoroughly clean before using it, to avoid infec- 
tions. This can be done by boiling in water for twenty minutes. 
The teat must also be cleaned by washing with soap and water be- 
fore the bistoury is employed. Never use the bistoury when a cow 
is dry as the cut surface will easily heal up and might tend to close 
the opening entirely ; while, if a cow is giving a fair amount of milk, 
the milk flow will keep an opening of proper size to allow a free 
flow. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 77 

INVERSION OF THE WOMB (Uterus), CASTING OF 
THE WITHERS 



Uterine Prolapse (Rear View). 
Inversion of the uterus (Casting the withers). 

This is a serious condition, especially in sows, mares and ewes, 
and as a rule necessitates the immediate" employment of the stockman 
or veterinarian. It may be due to a rough delivery or prolonged 
labor, too much traction on the membrances, poor condition due to 
lack of feed, or as a result of standing with the hind end lower than 
the front end. The stockman may have to return the organ and 
should prepare himself as for removal of the afterbirth ; have the 
animal kept on its feet, then cleanse the protruded womb with an 
antiseptic solution, containing Sugar of Lead, 2 ounces to the gal- 
lon of warm water, removing any part of the afterbirth that may be 
attached ; then by doubling his fist and applying it to the center of 
the mass, press it steadily and gently forward, when the animal 
strains, being content just to hold his own. If the straining is 
severe, pinch the back or put on a tight, strong girth. The organ 
having been successfully reinverted and placed back in its natural 
position, care should be taken that both of the horns (right and 
left) are also properly reinverted and placed in their natural posi- 
tion. Then place the patient in a single stall with the hind legs 
elevated about twelve inches higher than the fore legs, so that the 
weight of the contents of the abdomen leans forward, thus drawing 
the genitals forward with them and tending to keep them in place. 
The patient should be kept in this position for at least a week. To 



78 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



make sure that the animal will not again attempt to throw out the 
womb, three or four strong sutures with twisted silk or linen should 
be made through the lips of the vulva. 

A tonic should be given in food twice daily. For this purpose 
Sanguitone Compound, in teaspoonful doses, is highly recom- 
mended. 



THE SECRET OF INCREASING THE FLOW OF 
MILK IN A DAIRY COW 

If you wish to make a milk record with your dairy cow, it is 
advisable to begin to train her for this purpose when she is a year 
old. The well groomed and well fed yearling heifer starts to de- 
velop her udder even before this age. When slight natural conges- 
tion in this organ is first noticed, it may be wonderfully developed 
into a stronger and more powerful milk producer by hand rubbing 
and manipulation applied by the owner or groom three or four times 
daily from five to fifteen minutes at a time. The most successful 
salesman will handle his heifers every time he enters the stable. He 
not only develops these glands, he also gains the heifer's confidence 
and makes her calm, docile, and strong of nerve. By the time this 
heifer becomes fresh she has the natural form, development and 
disposition to make any exceptional milk producers. Of course, the 
breeding and general conformation should cut a big figure in pick- 
ing your subject for a winner. 

After the calf has been weaned and you wish to put her to the 
test, you should see that her digestive organs keep in perfect health 
and condition in order to support the constitution and the demands 
of the udder upon the system for a big flow of milk. This having 
been done, your heifer is in good shape to stand a liberal amount of 
crowding for her milk record. Of course, to increase the flow of 
milk you must use good judgment in increasing your food ration. 
This should be wholesome, well-balanced and not too heavy. Give 
water more frequently during this period. To make the udder more 
active and more productive, add one tablespoonful of Galactagogue 
Powders to each meal. These powders, applied as above directed, 
increase the appetite, aid digestion, relieve the dangers of overfeed- 
ing and stimulate the activity of the udder to such an extent as to 
wonderfully increase the flow of milk of any healthy cow, no matter 
what age she may be. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



79 



If you arc competing^ with your neighbor or anyone else for a 
milk record, you had better keep this secret to yourself, or he will 
be doing the same thing for his heifers and cows. 

If your druggist does not keep any of the remedies prescribed 
in "Rural Veterinary Secrets" write to the author at his home office 
and he will advise you where to get them. 



PARTURIENT PARESIS (Milk Fever) 

Milk fever is a non-febrile disease of cattle, swine and goats 
occurring at of following parturition and characterized by general 
paralysis and usually unconsciousness. 

The disorder is common among cows, especially valuable dairy 
cows, which are heavy feeders and deep milkers. It usually occurs 
at the acme of lactation in cows that are well bred and in prime 
condition. Thin cows or very fat cows do not seem predisposed. 
When delivery has been difficult, parturient paresis is less apt to 
occur than when the birth has been easy and the expulsion of the 
afterbirth prompt. Usually it occurs in cows from the third to the 
fifth calving. The causes are unknown at the present writing. 



SYMPTOMS 

The symptoms usually begin twelve to forty-eight hours after 
delivery. A few cases are recorded where the attack came on dur- 
ing or before birth. The principal symptoms are suddenly develop- 




A typical case of milk fever in first stage. 
Photo by Author. 



80 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



ing general motor and sensory paralysis, with loss of consciousness. 
After showing some symptoms of languor, weakness and staggering 
gait, the cow lies down. She may regain her feet, but arises with 
difficulty. Finally, she becomes completely paralyzed and uncon- 
scious. Often the patient is found lying on her sternum with her 
head thrown around against the flank. In other cases she lies flat 
on her side. The respirations are slow and deep, the temperature 
normal to subnormal. From the nostrils a lymph-like fluid is dis- 



^ 






l^^^^^^^^^^^j 




^^^^^^V^'^^'M 


IMl> ' 


I^H^^Bk:' ^^^™"1^^HI 


/ dHP 


"^SISjBHEpy*:-' 


mW _,^ ^j^^ 


/ ' ''""'.in'' '^ .""."*' 




■l^^^^^^2j»^2j*&i 


»v 


^' jr-^irfiTirBatt 


Bi' . 


• --^i^ 



After patient has been placed in comfortable position. 
Photo by Author. 

charged. Besides these general symptoms those of specific paralysis 
of the cranial nerves occur. 



TREATMENT 

The most successful and simple, is the air treatment, discovered 
by the writer July 21st, 1903. This consists of inflating the udder 
with air enough to distend it to its full capacity by the use of a 
milking tube attached to a rubber hose and bulb. The animal is 
then placed on her breast in a natural position and if necessary, 
should be propped up with bags filled with grain or feed. To 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



81 




Milk fever patient, convalescing, three hours after applying the air treatment. 




Same cow two davs later. 



82 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



keep a strong heart, a teaspoonful of Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia 
may be placed on the tongue every two hours. Do not attempt to 
give physics or large doses of medicine, as the animal is usually 
unable to swallow and there is danger of the medicine finding its 
Avay down into the lungs and bringing about suffocation. This is 
the air treatment, which is almost a specific and is now saving 
thousands of the most valuable dairy cows annually. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 83 

THE AIR TREATMENT— HOW IT WAS 
DISCOVERED 

MILK FEVER (Parturient Paresis) 

Until 1897 over 50 per cent of milk fever cases proved to be 
fatal. In 1897 Dr. Schmidt Kolding of Denmark recommended the 
injection of a solution of Potassium Iodide, 2^^ drams of the drui;- 
bein^ dissolved in a quart of warm water and injected equally into 
the four teats. This produced a wonderful improvement in the 
mortality of the victims, Schmidt claiming to save 90 per cent. 

The writer followed the advise of Dr. Schmidt from 1898 to 
1903 with good success and from time to time had noticed that those 
patients into whose teats he ])crmitted a liberal amount of air to 
enter while injecting the solution made much quicker and more 
satisfactory recoveries. He, therefore, continued to be liberal with 
air in his treatment of these cases, and in one year, viz., from Janu- 
ary 1, 1903, to January 1, 1904, treated 167 cases, admitting more 
and more air, out of which 161 recovered, only six being lost. On 
the night of July 21, 1903, he was called to the farm of August 
(^newuck in the town of Lebanon, Dodge County, Wisconsin, to 
treat a cow with milk fever. W^hile getting his apparatus sterilized 
(the drug having been measured out and the water ready for mak- 
ing the solution) ]\Ir. Gnewuck told several funny stories which 
very much amused the writer. In the meantime the udder was in- 
jected, the cow comforted and placed on her sternum and the owner 
given his instructions and requested to ])hone about the condition 
of the patient after six or eight hours. After the' writer had de- 
parted and had passed the six mile post on his homeward trip, he 
discovered that he had forgotten to add the Potassium Iodide and 
had really injected nothing but warm water and a liberal amount of 
air. Fearing that his client would report before morning that the 
patient's condition was much worse on account of this mistake, he 
could not sleep but waited patiently for the ring of the telephone. 
\\'hen after the fifth hour the owner telephoned that the patient 
had gone to her stall and was up and eating, the writer was indeed 
surprised. But it at once became apparent to him that the Potas- 
sium lodid was not the curative agent in this treatment and from 
past experience he concluded that the oxygen in the air was most 
likely entitled to the credit. 

Experiments were then undertaken with two succeeding pa- 
tients, there being injected a liberal amount of air and only enough 



84 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



warm water to keep the air from returning. Both of these patients 
recovered in from three to four hours, taking less time than was the 
case with the Potassium Iodide treatment. This discovery was re- 
ported to the Wisconsin Society of Veterinary Graduates in August, 
1903. This was the first intimation of the discovery of the air 
treatment and on January 29, 1903, on page 1170, Volume XXXIV 
of "Hoard's Dairyman" under the veterinary query department, of 
which the writer was editor, he wrote and published the first article 
giving credit to the air treatment. 

The second intimation of the air treatment and the recom- 
mendation of its use was published by the writer February 12, 1904, 
on page 18, volume XXXV of "Hoard's Dairyman" while answer- 
ing a query from West Concord, which called for information re- 
garding the oxygen treatment. It was after this second article on 
the air treatment that university veterinary departments and 
veterinary colleges got busy announcing the discovery of the air 
treatment and recommending the bicycle pump to inflate the udder 
with air, but none of them gave credit to "Hoard's Dairyman," nor 
to its veterinary editor, who made the discovery on July 21, 1903. 



CHAPTER V. 

Diseases Common to the Liver 
and Kidneys 

CONGESTION OF THE LIVER (Hepatitis) 

Hepatitis is secondary to many infectious diseases (influenza, 
]:)lood poison). It may also be secondary to poisoning with arsenic 
or phosphorus. In some instances the cause may be due to para- 
sites which wander into the liver substance. The liver is congested, 
swollen, spotted with dark red hemorrhages. The consistency is 
softer and more friable than normal. There will be a marked sensi- 
tiveness, upon pressure, on the region of the liver. 

TREATMENT 

The treatment is not very satisfactory as its connection with 
other diseases makes it too complicated, even for the most accom- 
plished veterinarian. 



YELLOW JAUNDICE 

This is a yellowness of the visible mucous membranes of the 
body, which is an indication of a sluggish liver due to some de- 
rangement of the digestive and other vital organs. The yellow ap- 
pearance of the mucous membranes is an indication of bile in the 
blood, which has been reabsorbed from the gall bladder, where it 
should have been discharged into the alimentary canal under natu- 
ral conditions, but for some reason has been retained in the gall 
bladder. 

TREATMENT 

Give an ounce of Aloes and ^ dram of Calomel in a ball or 
drench at one dose. Then follow with 2 tablespoonfuls of Bovolax 
in food three times daily for two weeks. Avoid heavy feeding. Feed 
bran mashes once daily. Grass or roots should be the main diet. 
Good clover or alfalfa hay is better than timothy. 



86 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



GALL STONES 

Gall stones are very rare in animals. Thev occasionally are 
met with in cattle and dogs. The principal sympt<_)ms they induce 
are colic and digestive disturbances. 



TREATMENT 

The treatment consists of large doses of Bovolax three times 
daily, 3 to 4 ounces per dose, or large doses of Carl's Bath Salts. 



URINARY TROUBLES 

Inability to pass urine is common in horses and dogs, but not 
so common in other animals. The immediate cause of the retention 
of urine in the bladder is usually partial or complete paralysis of the 
sphincter muscle at the outlet of the bladder. Very often this outlet 
is only closed by a spasmodic contraction of the muscle (occlusion) 
and the urine is retained for some time. In such cases the symptoms 
are often mistaken for colic. 



TREATMENT 

If the sphincter muscle is paralyzed, either partially or entirely, 
the urine should be drawn with a catheter several times daily and 
the system strengthened with Sanguitone in teaspoonful doses, three 
times daily until relieved. The animal should be placed on a light 
diet during the treatment and for several weeks thereafter. If due 
to the latter, viz., a spasmodic closure (occlusion) of the outlet of 
the bladder, give an ounce of National Specific for Urinary Troubles 
and Colic in several ounces of water. This usually brings relief in 
about one-half hour. In stubborn cases repeat the dose in an hour, 
but usuallv one dose is sufficient. 



CHAPTER VI. 

Diseases Common to the Brain and 
Nervous System 

CEREBRAL APOPLEXY 

Cerebral apoplexy is a rare disease among cattle. It may be 
clue to degeneration and consequent rupture of the blood vessel in 
the brain. 

SYMPTOMS AND TREAT.MENT 

The attack is sudden, the animal in most cases falling as if it 
iiad received a blow on the head. It may stagger and reel some 
time before going down. After falling, there are convulsive move- 
ments of the legs or the animal sinks into insensibility. There may 
l)e remissions in the severity of the symptoms, but the pressure from 
the continued escape of blood soon causes death. Rest, quiet, fric- 
tion to the legs and surface, frequent turning of the animal and cold 
to the head arc to be practiced, if treatment is attempted. 



CONGESTION OF THE BRAIN 

There is a form of congestive apoplexy affecting cattle which 
are in a plethoric condition. The congestion or overfilling with 
blood, causes pressure on the brain substance and disorganizes its 
function. It occurs mostly in hot weather. In this disease the 
symptoms are somewhat similar to those exhibited when the animal 
has inflammation of the brain, but the onset is more sudden, the 
duration is shorter and there is less fever. There may be frenzy or 
coma, or alternations, one with the other. The intelligence is 
diminished, staring eyes, bracing with the legs, pressing against the 
>.tall partition or manger, mucous membranes become red. This 
condition usuallv terminates in recoverv. 



I , 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



TREATMENT 

In such cases bleeding should be resorted to immediately. 
When the power of swallowing is not lost, purgatives should be 
administered. Cold applications to the head should be made. 



CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN 

Severe blows on the head, striking the head against some hard 
object while running, or falling on the head, may cause concussion 
of the brain. 



SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT 

The symptoms and the treatment that is indicated differ very little 
from what has been said under congestion of the brain. In some cases 
it may be necessary to remove a piece of bone that is pressing on the 
brain or to remove a clot of blood under rhe area that received the 
blow. 



EPILEPSY 

This affection is characterized by the occurrence of sudden con- 
vulsions. The animal may appear to be in a fair state of health 
usually, but at any time, in the stable or in the field, it may have a 
convulsion in which it will fall and lose consciousness. Epilepsy 
must not be confounded with vertigo — fainting which is an effect 
of heart troubles. 

The exact cause of epilepsy in the majority of cases is unknown. 
Post mortem examinations in many instances have failed to discover 
any lesion in connection with the brain or nervous system ; while in 
other instances disease of the brain has been found in the form of 
thickening of the membranes, abscesses, and tumors. In some cases 
the affection has been manifested in connection with a diseased con- 
dition of the blood. The cause has also been traced to reflex irrita- 
tion, due to teething, worms and chronic indigestion. 

TREATMENT 

When the affection is due to the last named causes the treat- 
ment may be successful, if the cause is removed. If there are 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 89 



symptoms of worms or of indigestion, follow the general treatment 
advised for those troubles under their proper heads in this book. 
If due to irritation caused by teething, the intlamed gums must be 
lanced. Examination of the mouth often develops the fact that one 
of the temporary teeth causes much irritation by remaining unshed, 
and thereby interfering with the growth of a permanent tooth. The 
offending tooth should be extracted. When the cause of epilepsy 
cannot be discovered, it must be confessed that there is no prospect 
of a cure. Some benefit may be expected from the occasional ad- 
ministration of a purgative dose of medicine. A pound of Epsom 
Salts dissolved in a quart of warm water, for a cow of average size, 
may be given as a drench once or twice a week. In addition to the 
purgative, 4 drams of Bromid of Potassium, dissolved in the drink- 
ing water, three times a day, has proved very beneficial in some 
cases. 



SUNSTROKE (Prostration from Heat) 

Owing to the fact that cattle are seldom put to work at which 
they would have to undergo severe exertion, especially in collars, 
they are not frequently prostrated by the extreme heat of the sum- 
mer months. When at pasture they select the coolest places under the 
shade trees, in water, etc., when the heat becomes oppressive, and 
thereby avoid, as much as possible, the effects of it. Horses, how- 
ever, are more subject to this trouble, because they are compelled 
to work under the direct rays of the hot sun. 

It does happen, however, that cattle that have been kept up for 
the purpose of fattening, when driven some distance in very hot 
weather, are sometimes prostrated, but it must be remembered that 
it is not really necessary for the animal to be exposed to the rays of 
the sun, as those confined in hot, close places may suffer. This often 
happens in shipping, when they are crowded close together in cars. 



SYMPTOMS 

The first stages are those of exhaustion^ — dullness, panting, 
frothing at the mouth, tongue hanging out, irregular gait, uneasi- 
ness, palpitation — when, if the circumstances which tend to the 
prostration are not mitigated, the animal staggers or sways from 
side to side, falls, struggles for a while, and then gradually becomes 
quiet, or the struggles may continue, with repeated but ineffectual 



90 • RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



efforts to regain a standing position. In serious cases the attack 
may be very sudden, unconsciousness occurring without continued 
or distressing premonitory symptoms. 

TREATMENT 

At first, when not \cry serious, removal to a quiet, sheltered 
place, with a few days on a reduced diet, is all that need be done. 
When the animal has fallen, dash cold water or ice water on the 
head ; rub the body and limbs with cloths or wisps of straw, and 
continue the rubbing for a considerable time. If the power of swal- 
lowing is not lost (which may be ascertained by pouring a little 
cold water into tne mouth), give three drams of stronger liquor, 
ammonia diluted with a quart of cold water. Be very careful in 
drenching the animal when lying down. Repeat the drench in a 
half hour, and an hour after the first one has been given. Instead 
of ammonia, a drench composed of Spirits of Nitrous Ether in a 
pint of water may be given, if more convenient, but the ammonia 
drench is preferable. If unconsciousness continues, so that a drench 
cannot be administered, the same quantity of ammonia and water 
may be injected with a syringe into the rectum. The popular aqua 
ammonia, commonly called "Hartshorn," will do as well as the 
stronger liquor ammonia, but as it is weaker than the latter, the 
dose for a cow is about 1^^ dunces^ which should be diluted with a 
quart of water before it is given to the animal, either as a drench 
or an enema. When ammonia cannot be obtained a pint of whiskey 
in a quart of water, or an ounce of tincture of Digitalis may be 
given. 

As soon as the animal is able to rise it should be assisted and 
moved to the nearest shelter. All the cold water it will drink should 
be allowed. The ammonia or spirits of nitrous ether drench should 
be administered every three hours so long as there is much failure 
of strength. The diet should be limited for several days — bran slops 
and a little grass. When signs of returning strength are presented, 
6 ounces of Bovolax dissolved in a quart of warm water may be 
given in those cases which have been down and unconscious, but 
not give it while much weakness remains, which may be for several 
days after the attack. The flesh of an animal that is suffering from 
heat stroke should not be prepared for use as food. On account of 
the fever with which the animal suffers, the flesh contains toxins 
that may render it poisonous to the consumer. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



91 



PARALYSIS 




Hog siiflfering from paralysis of hind lililb^ 



Paralysis, or loss of motion in a part, may be due to a lesion 
of the brain, of the spinal cord, or of a nerve. It may also be caused 
by reflex irritation. When the paralysis affects both sides of the 
body, posterior to a point, it is further designated by the name 
parapelgia. When one side of the body (a lateral half) is paralyzed, 
the term hemiplegia is applied to the affection. When paralysis 
is caused by a lesion of a nerve, the paralysis is confined to the par- 
ticular part supplied by the aff'ected nerve. 

Paralysis may be due to concussion of the spine, fracture of a 
bone of the spinal column with consequent compression of the 
spinal cord, concussion of the brain, or compression of the brain. 
An injury to one side of the brain may produce paralysis of the 
same side of the head, and of the opposite side of the body, hemi- 
plegia. Paralysis may occur in connection with parturient apoplexy, 
lead poisoning, ergotism, etc. 



92 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



TREATMENT 

Almost all farm animals are subject to paralysis due to the 
above mentioned causes, but hogs very frequently become paralyzed 
in the hind quarters, which is said to be due to early and constant 
feeding of corn while the pig is in its growing age. Apply mustard 
to the region of the spine. Turpentine and lard will answer in the 
absence of mustard. Some authorities recommend the firing-iron. 
Internally give Bovolax to relax the bowels and tone the nervous 
system. This may be followed by teaspoonful doses of powdered 
Nux Vomica in food three times daily. This dose is for horses and 
cattle. Smaller animals must be given less according to size and 
age. 



i £ 



'^ 



CHAPTER VII. 

Practical Aid in Difficult Parturition 

THE TIME OF PARTURITION 

The time of parturition has arrived according to the breeding 
book, which contains the record of service, etc. There are, however, 
symptoms shown by the pregnant animals, which afford rehable indi- 
cations of the nearness of the act. The sweUing of the external genitals 
(vulva) enlargement of the udder, hollowness of the rump, especially 
in cows, of the space between the pin bones and the tail head, wax on 
the teats in mares, a flow of milk, making of the bed by sows, glisten- 
ing appearance of the udder, uneasiness, a desire for solitude, slight 
pains gradually increasing, followed by the pushing forth of the water 
bag and the possible escape of its contents show that labor is not only 
close, but that it has started. 

DELIVERY 

If all goes well, the head and fore feet are presented (sometimes 
the hind feet) and the voung animal is in a short time in a new world. 
(See Fig. 49.) 

The natural delivery in mares is of short duration, only five to 
fifteen minutes usually elapsing after extrusion of the water bag; the 
cow may take one to two hours to deliver the calf, extending to that 
many days. Ewes take about fifteen minutes to deliver or less, and if 
twins are present the intervals between births may be from fifteen min- 
utes to two hours or even days. Assistance should not be offered until 
the water bag shows. 

The sow takes a variable time to deliver, depending on the number 
of pigs — may take from ten minutes to several hours. In natural cases 
little assistance is needed, and when given should be of the right kind; 
the attendants should only apply traction when the young animal is in 
the right position, and only when the expulsive effort is being made ; 
the direction of the traction should be away from the back bone, that 
is towards the hocks of the dam, downward if the animal is standing. 
The foal is often born in its membranes, and should be released im- 
mediately from them, especially about the head; any mucus present 
being removed from the mouth and nostrils. The membranes of the 



94 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 




FIG, 49. 
Natural position of the foetus. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 95 



calf and lamb do not always follow right after delivery; in the cow 
they remain for days; in the ewe rarely so; while in the sow it is the 
exception for such to occur ; the reason for retention of the membranes 
in ruminants (cow and ewe ) is due to the peculiarity of the attachment 
of the membranes in those animals, which will be remembered from 
the description of arrangement of the mucous (lining) membrane of 
the uterus in those animals. 



DIFFICULT DELIVERIES 

If the presentation has been right, the usual labor is of short dura- 
tion, if however, the pains have begun and presisted for a long time 
without delivery, some hindrance to the normal delivery may be sus- 
pected, the cause of such unnatural happenings are numerous ; may be 
due to wrong presentation, such as two hind legs coming together ; the 
foetus coming upside down (see Fig. No. 50, Sterna Abnormal Posi- 
tion) or with the head turned back, excess in volume of the fetus, 
contraction of the genital passages, enlargement of the head, due to 
tumors, etc. In such cases the employment of a veterinarian is ad- 
visable and profitable, because he is acquainted with the parts, has the 
proper instruments and drugs. The time of calling the professional 
man should not be left until the dam is exhausted or injured internally 
from the movement of the fetus ; the longer such cases are left the 
greater the danger of inflammation of the womb or tearing or wound- 
ing internally of the dam. If the stockman is sufficiently expert let him 
bare his arm to the shoulder, anoint with carbolized oil, one part of car- 
bolic acid to ten linseed oil, or hog's lard, introduce the arm into the 
passage and endeavor to find the cause of the trouble. If a head and 
one foreleg are shown fasten ropes (one- fourth inch) on the parts, 
push them forward into cavity and then try and get the missing limb, 
raise it and bring all into the natural position, the head between the 
two forefeet (See Fig. 49) ; if the head is down and the forefeet 
presented, rope each foot, push them forward and try to raise the head 
and bring it towards you along with the feet (See Figs. 52, 53, 54, 55, 
56 and 57). The stockman will, ,on examination, better understand 
the conditions than from any written directions, and will be successful 
according as he adapts himself to meet these conditions. Mares and 
cows are more easily delivered when in the standing position; if they 
lie down and the work becomes harder to perform. In case of 
twins care must be taken not to rope one leg of each twin, but 
to make sure that you keep each individual separate and take one 
at a time. (See Fig. 51, Twin Pregnancy). In cases of difficult 
deliverv in ewes an assistant mav be £rot to hold the ewe with 



96 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 




FIG 50 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



97 




FIG. SI 
Twin Pregnancy — Cow 



98 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



the hind legs up in the air, the head down, thus throwing the 
bowels downwards and consequently giving more room to work, or the 
ewe may be turned on her back, but kept in this position only for a 
short time. In animals running overtime Nature is generally allowed 
to take its course ; it might be advisable in mares that have gone over- 
time, and who have had milk in their udders for a few days, to attempt 
delivery. 

ATTENTION TO THE NEWBORN 

The treatment of the young animals is not very formidable, as 
stated ; remove the membranes, clean out the mouth and nostrils ; 
examine also to see if the newborn has the natural apertures for the 
passage of urine or feces. In some cases attention to the navel 
string should be cut about one and one-half inches from the body 
and securely tied and thoroughly dressed with Dermasote or Elk's 
Absorbing Ointment daily, until it dries up, shrivels and drops off. 
In lambs, calves and pigs slight scraping of the finger nail on the 
cord will sever the string and prevent bleeding. If life seems about 
gone, whip with a wet towel, work the fore limbs, breathe into the 
nostrils at intervals coinciding with the limb movements, pull the 
tongue gently forward, then let it retract and again pull forward, 
repeating the movements at intervals for ten or fifteen minutes or 
longer, rub the body dry, and bring to a warm place, a slight stimu- 
lant such as brandy and water or a little sweet nitre and warm milk 
may also be given with benefit. Get the newborn to suckle as soon 
as possible so that it may get the action of the first milk (colostrum) 
and thus remove the meconium (the accumulated excrement of fetal 
life). The meconium may have to be removed; use the oiled finger, 
or injections of warm water and oil; avoid giving purgatives; foals 
are often started scouring, and are lost as a result of giving sonic 
medicine. A heaped teaspoonful of fresh (unsalted) butter may be 
given to the foal with good results if a little constipated; if a ewe 
refuses her lamb, the one refused (in case of twins) should be 
rubbed over with the one taken, or if one is dead, skin it and put 
the skin on over the one refused, or put the ewe and refused lamb 
together by themselves for a time. In case of ewes the wool should 
be trimmed around the udder to allow the lambs to get at the teat, 
this will also prevent the lamb sucking the wool, with the result 
sometimes of wool-balls in the stomachs. After getting the young 
animal to suckle once, leave the dam and offspring to themselves ; 
if the afterbirth has come away, remove and bury ; the disgusting 
practice of letting animals eat the membranes should not be per- 
mitted. 



RURAL VETERINARY SEGRET8 99 



TREATMENT OF THE DAM 

The treatment of the dam after delivery will determine to a 
great extent the growth and development of the offspring, if the 
dam is limited in quantity of food, or poor quality given, the off- 
spring will be weak, stunted or of small growth. Keep the dam 
comfortable and do not annoy with many attentions, if at all chilled, 
blanket, give warm mashes, laxative food (grass, clover, hay, bran 
and oats) milk and water with the chill off for a few days. If 
intending to show foals the dam had better not be worked, if not 
the dam may be worked for a quarter of a day, later half days until 
getting back to the usual routine, if worked the foals should be 
placed in boxes together and fed. Entire rest from work sliouM 
l)e allowed marcs for at least a week after ft)aling. 



100 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 




FIG. 52 

CEPHALO-SACRAL POSITION OF THE FOETUS. 

This position can hardly be changed into normal without the aid of in- 
struments and a skillful veterinarian. 



As it is almost impossible for the layman to gain access, to 
either the head, or extremities, where he might possibly attach the 
rope or ordinary hooks in an attempt to turn the foetus. The human 
arm is not long enough to make a proper exploration of the exist- 
ing conditions, therefore no time should be lost in calling in an 
expert. Even the most skilled veterinarian is not always successful 
in bringing about a favorable delivery in such cases, especially when 
the patient has been allowed to go unattended for a long time. The 
foetus very often dies before the owner's attention is aroused be- 
cause the patient, as a rule, refrains from violent straining because 
of the unusual position of the foetus. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



101 




FIG. .S3 
Right Ccplialo-ilial Position of the Foetus. 



This position is also a very difficult one to deliver, but is con- 
sidered a little more favorable than the one presented in fig. 52, as 
the operator is liable to reach the tail of the foetus more easily, by 
which he might be able to effect a material change in the position 
of the foetus. By manipulation of the same, he can very often hold 
his own until he gains access to one of the hind limbs, in which case 
the body of the foetus is pushed forward into the genital cavity of 
the dam, both of the posterior limbs drawn out and the youngster 
delivered backwards, viz., hind limbs and tail first. 



102 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRET iS 




FIG. 54 

Anterior Presentation — Forelinibs bent at the knee. 
In this case it may be necessary to cut oflf the head in order to gel both 
front feet in normal position. 



This of course, is only necessary when the foetus is pretty well 
advanced into the pelvic cavity and it has become extremely diffi- 
cult to repell the foetal body far enough to enable the operator to 
straighten out the front legs. After this has been done successfully, 
a hook should be fastened to the remaining skin around the neck 
by which the same can be directed and kept in the natural channel. 
Traction may now be applied to both fore limbs and the remaining 
part of the neck. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



103 




FIG. 55 
Anterior presentation — Fore limb crossed over the neck. 
In this presentation straighten out the crossed leg and apply traction. 



Care must be taken that the head remains above the two fore 
limbs while traction is on. as it is very likely to slip back into its 
former unnatural position and help obstruct the natural channel 
through which it must pass quite easily if kept in proper place. 



104 



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FIG. 56 

Anterior Presentation — Extreme downward deviation of the head. 

Secure both front legs with ropes, press the foetus back into the uterus 
far enough to bring the head into the natural channel. Then apply traction. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETH 



105 




FIG. 57 

Deviation of tlir liind-linil)s in llu' pelvis in the anterior presentation. 

Be sure to repel the liind leg back into the uterine cavity before you 
apply traction. 



These are very often mistaken for the fore limbs and tend to 
confuse the operator, very often tempting him to attach his ropes to 
one hind and one fore Hmb, which will result in fatal termination, 
should you persist in applying forceful traction. 



h 



CHAPTER VIII. 

Common Diseases of the Skin 

ERYTHEMA 

Acute inflammation of the skin, attended with eruptions and 
small pimples or pustules, common to all classes of horses in liot 
weather. 

This is a congested or slightly inflammed condition of the skin, 
unattended by any eruption. The part is lightly swollen, hot, tender 
or itchy, and dry, and if the skin is white there is redness. The 
redness is effaced by pressure, but reappears instantly when the 
])ressure is removed. Unless in transient cases the hair arc liable 
to be shed. It may be looked on as the first stage of inflammation 
and therefore when it becomes aggravated it may merge in part 
or in whole into a papular, vesicular, or pustular eruption. 

Erythema may arise from a variety of causes and is often naniccl 
in accordance with its most prominent cause. Thus the chilling, or 
partial freezing, of a part will give rise to a severe reaction and 
congestion. Where snow or icy streets have been salted this may 
extend to severe inflammation with vesicles, pustules, or even 
sloughs of circumscribed portions of the skin of the pastern (chill- 
blain, frostbite). Heat and burning have a similar effect, and this 
often comes from exposure to the direct rays of the sun. The skin 
that does not perspire is the most subject and hence the white face 
or white limb of a horse becoming dried by the intensity of the sun's 
rays often suffers to the exclusion of the rest of the body (white face 
and foot disease). The febrile state of the general system is also a 
potent cause, hence the white-skinned horse is rendered the more 
liable if kept on a heating ration of buckwheat, or even of wheat or 
maize. Contact of the skin with oil of turpentine or other essential 
oils, with irritant liquids, vegetable or mineral, with rancid fats, 
with the acrid secretions of certain animals, like the irritated toad, 
with pus, sweat, tears, urine, or liquid feces, will produce congestion 
of even inflammation. Chafing is a common cause, and is especially 
liable to affect the fat horse between the thighs, by the side of the 
sheath or scrotum, on the inner side of the elbow, or where the har- 
ness chafes on the poll, shoulder, back, breast-bone, and under the 
tail. The accumulation of sweat and dust between the folds of the 
skin and on the surface of the harness, and the specially acrid char- 



108 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



acter of the sweat in certain horses contribute to chafing or "in- 
tertrigo." The heels often become congested, owing to the irrita- 
tion caused by the short bristly hair in clipped heels. Again, con- 
gestion may occur from friction by halter, harness, or other foreign 
body under the pastern, or inside the thigh or arm, or by reason of 
blows from another foot (cutting, interfering, overreach). Finally, 
erythema is especially liable to occur in spring when the coat is be- 
ing shed, and the hair follicles and general surface are exposed and 
irritable in connection with the dropping of the hair. 

If due only to local irritant, congestion will usually disappear 
when such cause has been removed, but when the feeding or system 
is at fault these conditions must be first corrected. While the cost 
is being shed the susceptibility will continue, and the aim should 
be to prevent the disease developing and advancing so as to weaken 
the skin, render the susceptibility permanent, and lay the founda- 
tion of persistent or frequently recurring skin disease. Hence at 
such times the diet should be nonstimulating; any excess of grain 
and above all of buckwheat, Indian corn, or wheat being avoided. 
A large grain ration should not be given at once on return from 
iiard work, when the general system and stomach arc unable to 
cope with it; the animal should not be given more than a swallow 
or two of cold water when perspiring and fatigued; nor should he 
be allowed a full supply of water just after his grain ration; he 
should not be overheated, or exhausted by the harness pressing on 
the skin. The exposure of the affected heels to damp, mud and 
snow, and, above all, to melting snow, should be guarded against ; 
light, smooth, well-fitting harness must be secured, and where the 
saddle or collar irritates an incision should be made in them above 
and below the part that chafes, and, the padding between having 
been removed, the lining should be beaten so as to make a hollow. 
A zinc shield in the upper angle of the collar will often prevent 
chafing in front of the withers. 

TREATMENT 

Wash the chafed skin and apply a salt and water solution con- 
sisting of one-half ounce of salt to each quart of water, camphorated 
spirits, or a weak solution of oak bark. If the surface is raw, dust 
over with starch and smear with Dermasote Ointment. To relieve 
the constitutional disturbance give one to two tablespoonfuls of 
Sanguitone (National) iti moist food three times daily. This is usu- 
*ally followed by a rapid recovery. You should notice a marked 
improvement in from 48 to 70 hours. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 109 



SCALY SKIN DISEASE (Pityriasis) 

This affection is characterized by an excessive production and 
detachment of dry scales from the surface of the skin (dandruff). 
It is usually dependent on some fault in digestion and an imperfect 
secretion from the sebaceous glands, and is most common in old 
horses with spare habit of body. Williams attributes it to food 
rich in saccharine matter (carrots, turnips) and to the excretion of 
the skin of oxalic acid. He has found it in horses irregularly worke<l 
and well fed, and advises the administration of pitch for a length oi 
time and the avoidance of saccharine food. Otherwise the horse 
may take two or three ounces of Bovolax in moist food three times 
daily to relax the bowels. Then follow with one to two tablespoon- 
fuls of .Sanguitone (National) in moist food twice or three times 
daily until the patient has made a complete recovery. 



BARNYARD ITCH (Ring Worms) 

Barnyard itch, often called ringworms, usually appears as white 
scurfy abrasions around the eyes, neck, shoulders and sometimes 
the bodies of young stock during the winter and spring. 



TREATMENT 

The parts affec.ted should be cleaned with a stiff brush, warm 
water and soap. When dry, rub well with Dermasote. J<epeat in 
a week or ten days if necessar}-. Usuall}' one application is suf- 
ficient for a complete cure. t)ermasote is non-irritating and non- 
poisonous. Therefore, it is absolutely safe to appl\' withont fear of 
poisoning animals when licking each other. 



ITCH IN HORSES 

Itching is due to one of two causes. First, there may be a 
parasite on the skin, such as ordinary lice or intradermal parasites 
w^hich irritate the skin and bring about the itching. It may be due 
to a humor in the blood, such as erythema or eczema. If it be the 
former, a two per cent solution of lysol should be applied to the 
entire surface which appears to be affected, twice or three times a 



no RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



week. The hair should be thoroughly soaked to the skin so as to 
come in direct contact with the offending parasites. This will af- 
ford immediate relief, if due to the first cause. If from the second 
cause, the animal should be given a saline purgative such as a pound 
of Bovolax dissolved in a quart of warm water. Give one pint as a 
drench morning and night. Then give one tablespoonful of Sangui- 
tone in moist food three times daily. 



NETTLE RASH (Urticaria or Surfeit) 

This is a mild inflammatory affection of the skin affecting cat- 
tle and horses most frequently, characterized by a sudden develop- 
ment of patches of various sizes from that of a nickel to one as 
large as the hand. The patches of raised skin are marked by an 
abrupt border and are irregular in form. All the swelling may dis- 
appear in a few days, or it may go away in one place and reappear 
on another part of the body. It is always accompanied by a great 
desire to rub the aft'ected part. In the simplest type, as just de- 
scribed, it is never followed by any serious exudations or eruptions, 
unless the surface of the skin becomes abraded from scratching or 
rubbing. 



CAUSES 

Derangement of the digestive organs are the most common 
causes, such as overloading the stomach when the animal is turned 
out to graze in the spring, certain constituents of food, and high 
feeding among fattening stock. When the kidneys are functionally 
deranged urticaria may appear. Spinal irritation and other nervous 
affections may cause it. The disease consists of a paralysis of the 
nerve ends that control the volume of the capillary vessels in cer- 
tain areas of skin, thus permitting the vessels to expand and their 
contents in part to exude, producing a soft, circumscribed swelling. 

TREATMENT 

Dissolve a pound package of Bovolax in a gallon of warm 
water. Give a quart as a drench every three hours. Then follow 
with a teaspoonful of Sanguitone in moist food three times daily 
for a week or ten days. This dose is for adult horses or cattle ; for 
smaller animals, give smaller doses according to size.and age. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 111 




Typical Ciisc of urticaria alter the uMial bvvclliiigb of the niu/zle antl 
eyes have disappeared. 



112 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 

SCRATCHES (Mud Fever) 




Scratches. 

Scratches, also known as erythema and mud fever, are usuall)' 
due to a humor in the blood which breaks out at the fetlock be- 
cause this part of the limb is most exposed to moisture and filth, 
which, acted upon by the cold air, cause eruptions of the skin and 
possible infection. Considerable fever and swelling will be noticed ; 
then skin eruptions take place. The animal usually starts out lame 
and the parts are very sensitive to the touch. 

Grease Leg is a term applied to chronic cases of Scratches or 
Mud Fever. This is the resul't the owner or attendant neglecting 
to relieve the patient by giving proper treatment or applying irri- 
tants, such as liniments or blisters. The erroneous idea of applying 
filthy cow dung instead of clean poultices will cause the growth 
of clusters or tumor, like growths resembling grapes, which are 
painful to the patient and throw out an offensive, amber-colored 
fluid. In later stages grease leg often turns into big leg or Ele- 
phantiases, 

TREATMENT 

Wash the parts clean with soap and warm water. Rub dry and 
apply Elk's Dermasote. Rub it freely into the wounds, then apply 
a warm linseed poultice over the entire fetlock. Repeat this twice 
daily until the swellings disappear. Give the horse a tablespoon- 
ful of Bovolax in moist food three times daily for three days. Then 
discontinue the Bovolax and give a teaspoonful of National .A.ltera- 
tive Powders instead until the scratches have entirely disappeared. 
This treatment is very effective and inexpensive. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 113 



IVIANGE ON HORSES, CATTLE OR DOGS 

This consists of chronic eruptions of the skin, causing the hair 
to fall out and leaving a somewhat raw surface of the skin with a 
discharge of sticky substances attended by an offensive odor. The 
parts aft'ected are exceedingly itchy and sensitive. 



TREATMENT 

This condition is caused by a humor in the blood and therefore 
such treatment must first be given as acts directly on the circu- 
lation. For this purpose give one tablespoonful of Sanguitone in 
food twice or three times daily to adult horses or cattle, giving 
smaller animals less, according to their size and age. Sanguitone 
is prepared especially for these troubles and therefore gives most 
satisfactory results. The surface of the aft'ected parts should be 
washed clean with soap and warm water. When dry, rub well 
with Derniasote once daily until the itching ceases and' the hair is 
restored. 



BOILS OR FURUNCLES 

These may appear on any part of the skin, but are especially 
common on the lower parts of the limbs, and on the shoulders 
and back where the skin is irritated by accumulated secretion and 
chafing with the harness. In other cases the cause is constitutional, 
or attended by unwholesome diet and overwork with loss of gen- 
eral health and condition. They also follow on weakening diseases, 
notably strangles, in which irritants are retained in the system from 
overproduction of poisons and effete matters during fever, and im- 
perfect elimination. There is also the presence of a pyogenic bac- 
terium, by which the disease may be maintained and propagated. 

While Boils are pus-producing, they dift'er from simple postule 
in aft'ecting the deepest layers of the true skin, and even the super- 
ficial layers of the connective tissues beneath, and in the death and 
sloughing out of the central part of the inflammed mass (core). 
The depth of the hard, indurated, painful swelling, and the forma- 



114 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



tion of this central mass or core, which is bathed in pus and slowly 
separated from surrounding parts serve to distinguish the boil alike 
from the pustule, from the farcy bud, and form a superficial abscess. 



TREATMENT 

To treat very painful boils a free incision with a lancet in two 
directions, followed by a dressing with one-half an ounce carbolic 
acid in a pint of water, bound on with cotton woo! or lint, may cut 
them short. The more common course is to apply a warm poultice 
of linseed meal or wheat bran, and renew daily until the center of 
the boil softens, when it should be lanced and the core pressed out. 

If the boil is smeared with Elk's Desicant and a poultice put 
over it, the formation of matter and separation of the core is often 
hastened. A mixture of sugar and soap laid on the boil is equally 
good. Cleanliness of the skin and the avoidance of all causes of 
irritation are important items, and a teaspoonful of Sanguitone 
Compound once or twice a day will sometimes assist in warding off 
a new crop. 



CONGESTION (With small Pimples or Papules) 

In this affection there is the general blush, heat, etc., of 
erythema, together with a crop of elevations from the size of a poppy 
seed to a coffee bean, visible when the hair is reversed or to be felt 
with the finger where the hair is scanty. In white skins they vary 
from the palest to the darkest red. All do not retain the papular 
type, but some go on to form blisters (eczema, bullae) as pustules, 
or dry up into scales, or break out into open sores, or extend into 
larger swelling (tubercles). The majority, however, remaining as 
pimples, characterize the disease. When very itchy the rubbing 
breaks them open, and the resulting sores hide the true nature of 
the eruptions. 

The general and local causes may be the same as for erythema, 
and in the same subject one portion of the skin may have simple 
congestion and another adjacent papules. As the inflammatory ac- 
tion is more pronounced, so the irritation and itching are usually 
greater, the animal rubbing and biting himself severely. This itch- 
ing is especially severe in the forms which attack the roots of the 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 115 



mane and tail and there the disease is often so persistent and trouble- 
some that the horse is rendered virtually useless. 

The bites of insects often produce a papular eruption, but in 
many cases the swelling extends wider into a button-like elevation, 
one-half to an inch in diameter. The same remarks apply to the 
effects of the poison ivy and poison sumac. 



TREATMENT 

In papular eruptions first remove the cause, then apply the same 
general remedies as for simple congestion. In the more inveterate 
cases use a lotion of one-half ounce sulphide of Potassium in two 
quarts of water to which a little Castile soap has been added ; or 
wash with one-half ounce oil of tar, 2 ounces Castile soap and 20 
ounces water. 



INFLAMMATION WITH BLISTERS (or Eczema) 

In this the skin is congested, thickened, warm (white skins are 
reddened), and shows a thick crop of little blisters formed by ef- 
fusions of a straw-colored fluid between the true skin and the cuticle. 
The blisters may be of any size from a millet seed to a pea, and 
often crack open and allow the escape of the fluid, which concrete 
as a slightly yellowish scab or crust around the roots of the hairs. 
This exudation and incrustation are especially common where the 
hair are long, thick, and numerous, as in the region of the pastern 
of heavy draft horses. The term eczema is now applied very gen- 
erally to eruptions of all kinds that depend on internal disorders or 
constitutional conditions, and that tend to recurrences and invet- 
eracy. Eczema may appear on any part of the body, but in horses 
it is especially common on the heels and the lower parts of the limbs, 
and less frequently on the neck, shoulder, and abdomen. Their 
limbs appear to be especially liable because of their dependent po- 
sition, all blood having to return from them against the action of 
gravity, and congestions and swellings being common, because of 
the abundance of blood vessels in this part of the skin, and be- 
cause of the frequent contact with the irritant dung and urine and 
their ammoniacal emanations. The legs further suffer from con- 
tact wuth wet and mud when at work, from snow and ice, from 
drafts of cold air on the wet limbs, from washing with caustic soaps. 



116 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



from the relaxing effects of a too deep and abundant litter. Among 
other causes may be named indigestion and the presence of irritant 
matters in the blood and sweat, the result of patent medicated foods 
and condition powders (aromatics, stimulants), green food, new 
oats, buckwheat, wheat, maize, diseased potatoes, smut, or ergot in 
grains, decomposing green food, brewers' grains, or kitchen garbage. 
The excitement in the skin, caused by shedding the coat, lack of 
grooming, hot weather, hot boiled or steamed food, conduces to the 
eruption. Lastly, any sudden change of food inay induce it. 

The blisters may in part go on to suppuration so that vesicles 
and pustules often appear on the same patch, and when raw from 
rubbing the true nature of the eruption may be completely mashed. 
In high-fed horses, kept in close stables with little work, eczema 
of the limbs may last for months and years. It is a very trouble- 
some affection in draft stallions. 



TREATMENT 

This disease is so often the result of indigestion that a laxative 
of one-half pound Bovolax dissolved in a quart of warm water and 
given in two doses four hours apart is often demanded to clear away 
the irritants from the alimentary canal. A quart of raw linseed oil 
may be necessary in addition to the above in obstinate cases. In 
debilitated cases one to two teaspoonfuls of Sanguitone given in 
food twice or three times daily will help tone the system. Cleanli- 
ness and good hygiene of the skin during the treatment and for 
some time after is absolutely necessary. 



SUMMER SORES IN HORSES 

Summer Sores are said to be parasitic in their nature. In 
India they are termed Bursattee. The disease is shown by sores on 
the skin, at the fetlock, sheath, face, lips and front of the chest; at 
the beginning the sores are red and unhealthy looking, sometimes 
nearly a foot in diameter, are often kept moist by the discharge. 
In the sores are often found little pea-shaped hard, yellowish bodies. 
The sores heal of their own accord in cold weather. In accordance 
with the idea of parasitic origin, strong antiseptics should be used, 
carbolic acid full strength, one application only, later paint on cam- 
phor one part to carbolic acid two and one-half parts. The applica- 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 117 

tion of one of the following after the sore begins to look healthy will 
be all that is needed, in addition to preventing any irritation. 

Carbolic Acid 1 ounce 

Resin 1 ounce 

Camphor 5 ounces 

Methylated Spirits 15 ounces 

or 
lodofoam 1 dram 

Oil of Eucalyptus 1 ounce 

Keep the sore covered with the drugs until healed. 

CHAPPED TEATS 

These may be caused by anything which irritates the teats. 
The powerful sucking of the calf ; the sudden chilling of the teat in 
winter after the calf has just let it go, or after the completion of 
milking with a wet hand ; contact with cold water, or stagnant, 
putrid water, or with filth or irritants when lying down; slight 
congestions of the skin in connection with overstocking; indeed, 
any source of local irritation may cause chapping. This may be 
slight or extend into great, gaping sores and induce retention of milk 
or even mammitis. 

TREATMENT 

Wash the teats and all chapped parts clean with soap and 
water after each milking. Dry with a towel ; then apply Elk's 
Glycerole rubbing it in well. This will make the teats pliable, re- 
lieve the soreness, and bring about speedy healing of the chapped 
and sore parts. 



118 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



WARTS (Papillomata) 




Papillomata (warts). 



Warts are more or less common on all classes of stock. If flat 
on the skin may be touched with strong acetic acid or silver nitrate 
(lunar caustic). If they have a long neck, a horse hair or fine 
tw^ine may be tied around the base v^^hen they will eventually drop 
off. Larger warts, like those shown in the above illustration may 
easily be twisted ofif with your thumb and fingers, or an ordinary 
pair of pincers will do. Keep the skin clean and touch up with 
caustics as above mentioned. 



■i 



CHAPTEP IX. 

Contagious and Infectious Diseases 

TUBERCULOSIS 

THE DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS 



The symptoms of tuberculosis in cattle are not sufficiently 
prominent, except in advanced stages or when superficially lo- 
cated, to enable one to diagnose this disease by the ordinary meth- 
ods of physical examination, and the cattle may, without showing 
any clinical symptoms, be in such a stage of tuberculosis as to ren- 
der them capable of spreading disease. Indeed, an animal may be 
fat and sleek, eat and milk well, have a bright, glossy coat and be 
apparently in the pink of condition, and still be passing tubercle 
baccili through the feces or by an occasional cough, and thus en- 
danger all the healthy cattle in the herd. Consequently, advan- 
tageous aids to diagnosis as animal inoculation, biological tests, 
serum agglutination reaction, and the tuberculin test are made use 
of in arriving at a definite opinion relative to the presence or ab- 
sence of this disease. The value of all but the last of these is dis- 
counted b}' the technique required and by their impracticability, 
while the tuberculin test is most satisfactory and is the best diag- 
nostic agent known for the disease. 



THE ORIGIN OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST 

Tuberculin was invented by Koch in 1890 and was first used 
experimentally in treating tuberculosis in man. In these cases it 
was observed that its injection was followed by a rise of tempera- 
ture, which led veterinarians to apply tuberculin to suspected ani- 
mals to see if a similar reaction resulted. Numerous experiments 
showed this to be the case, and since 1891 the use of tuberculin as 
a diagnostic agent for tuberculosis of cattle has been almost uni- 
versally adopted in all parts of the civilized world. No one thinks 
of accepting tuberculin as an absolutely infallible agent, but it is 
immeasurably more dependable than any other method that has 
ever been used. 



120 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



THE NATURE AND APPLICATION OF TUBERCULIN TEST 

Tuberculin is the sterilized and filtered glycerin extract of cul- 
tures of tubercle bacilli. It contains cooked products of the growth 
of these bacilli, but not the bacilli themselves. Consequently, when 
this substance is injected under the skin of any animal it is abso- 
lutely unable to produce the disease, cause abortion, or otherwise 
injure the animal. In case the injected animal is tuberculous, a de- 
cided rise of temperature will follow the use of tuberculin. 

In practice the tuberculin test is applied by first taking a suf- 
ficient number of temperatures, usually three, at intervals of two 
hours, to ascertain the normal variation of temperature of the ani- 
mal to be tested. The dose of tuberculin (which should always be 
specified on the label) is then injected hypodermically between 8 
and 10 p. m. on the day of taking the preliminary temperatures. On 
the following day the "after" temperatures are recorded every two 
hours, beginning at 6 a. m. and continuing until twenty hours fol- 
lowing the injection. 




Typical tubercular heifer. 
Photo by author. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



121 




Lungs showing lesions of generalized tuberculosis from same heifei". 
Photo by Author. 



THE VALUE AND RELIABILITY OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST 



As a result of this method an accurate diagnosis may be estab- 
lished in over 97 per cent of the cases tested. The relatively few 
failures in diagnosis are included among two classes of cattle. The 
first class contains those that are tuberculous, but which do not 
react, either because of the slight effect of an ordinary sized dose 
of tuberculin, or an advanced case of the disease with so much natu- 
ral tuberculin already in the system ; or on account of a previous 
test with tuberculin which produces a tolerance to this material 
lasting for about six weeks. The second class includes those that 



122 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



are not tuberculous, but which show an elevation of temperature as 
a result of (1) advanced pregnancy; (2) the excitement of oestrum; 
(3) concurrent diseases, as inflammation of the lungs, intestines, 
uterus, udder, or other parts, abortion, retention of afterbirth, in- 
digestion, etc ; (4) inclosure in a hot, stuft'y stable, especially in 
summer, or exposure to cold drafts or rains ; or (5) any change in 
the method of feeding, watering, or stabling of the animal during 
the test. 

Notwithstanding all these possibilities of error, the results of 
thousands of tests show that in less than 3 per cent of the cases 
tested do these failures actually occur. In the first class, the chances 
of error are decidedly reduced by the skilled veterinarian by making 
careful physical examination and diagnosing these advanced cases, 
and by the injection of double or triple doses into all recently tested 
cattle, with the taking of the "after" temperatures beginning two 
hours following the injection and continuing hourly for twenty 
hours. The second class : Errors are avoided by eliminating those 
cases from the test that are nearing parturition or are in heat, or 
show evidence of the previously mentioned diseases, or exhibit tem- 
peratures sufficiently high to make them unreliable for use as nor- 
mal. Then, in reading "after" temperatures it is advisable not to 
recognize as a reaction an elevation of temperatures less than 2° F., 
or one which at the same time does not go above 103.8° F., and the 
temperatures reaction must likewise have the characteristic rainbow 
curve. (Those cases which approximate, but do not reach this 
standard should be considered as suspicious and held for a retest 
six weeks later.) In addition, a satisfactory tuberculin must be 
used, also an accurate thermometer and a reliable syringe in order 
that a sufficient dose of tuberculin may be given. Finally, the num- 
ber of apparent errors or the tuberculin test will be greatly dimin- 
ished if a careful post mortem examination is made, giving especial 
attention to the lymph glands. 

This low percentage of failures being the case, cattle owners 
should welcome the tuberculin test, not only for their own interest, 
but for the welfare of the public as well. Where this method of 
diagnosing the disease has been adopted, tuberculosis is gradually 
being eradicated, while it is spreading rapidly and becoming widely 
disseminated in those districts where the tuberculin test has not 
been employed. Without its use the disease cannot be controlled 
and the cattle owner is confronted with serious and continuous 
losses; with its use the disease can be eradicated from the herd; a 
clean herd established and the danger of its spread to man removed. 
Tuberculin may, therefore, be considered a most beneficial discov- 
ery for the stock raiser. Strange to say, many of these men have 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 123 



been incredulous, antagonistic, or prejudiced against the tuberculin 
test by misinterpreting published statements, by incorrect unsub- 
stantiated, or exaggerated reports, and by alleged injurious effects 
to healthy cattle. 

Law has clearly stated the question when he says : 

"jMany stock owners still entertain an ignorant and unwar- 
ranted dread of the tuberculin test. It is true that when recklessly 
used by ignorant and careless people it may be made a root of evil, 
yet as employed by the intelligent and careful expert it is not only 
perfectly safe, but it is the only known means of ascertaining ap- 
proximately the actual number of affected in a given herd. In most 
infected herds, living under what are in other respects good hy- 
gienic conditions, two-thirds or three-fourths are not to be detected 
without its aid, so that in clearing a herd from tuberculosis, and 
placing both herd and products above suspicion, the test becomes 
essential. 

"In skilled hands the tuberculin test will show at least nine- 
tenths of all cases of tuberculosis when other methods of diagnosis 
will not detect one-tenth." 

It is perfectly natural thiit there should be objection to its 
use among those who are not acquainted with its method of prepa- 
ration or its properties, but it is difficult to explain the antagonism 
of farmers who are familiar with the facts connected with the manu- 
facture and use of tuberculin. Probably the most popular objec- 
tion tij tuberculin is that it is too searching, since it discovers cases 
in which the lesions are small and obscure. \\'hilc this fact is ad- 
mitted, it should also be borne in mind that such a small lesion to- 
day may break down and become widely disseminated in a rela- 
tively short period. Therefore, any cow affected with tuberculosis, 
even to a slight degree, must be considered as probably dangerous, 
not only to the other animals in the herd, but also to the consumer 
of her products. In connection with the above test, tuberculin is 
now applied to the eye and injected interdermally to aid in diagnos- 
ing tubercular subjects. 



124 



BUBAL VETEBINABY SECBET8 




A mad cow. — Photo by author. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 125 



RABIES IN DOGS AND CATTLE 

Before taking up in detail the study of the phenomena of Rabies 
it is well to review briefly the salient features which combine to 
distinguish it. 

Rabies is an ancient and widespread disorder perpetuated 
among the lower animals, chiefly the dog family, transmitted in 
nature to other animals and to man by the inoculation of virulent 
saliva through bites. It is undoubtedly caused by a living micro- 
organism, which invades the nervous system, rendering it virulent 
and inducing the symptoms. The period of inoculation is variable, 
but relatively long, usually between 21 days and two months. The 
symptoms are referable to excitation and Anally depression of the 
central nervous system by the micro-organism or its products, with 
ultimate destruction of its functioning power. A general increase 
of reflex excitation is early noted. The centers for respiration and 
deglutition are especially severely attacked, with spasms or paraly- 
sis as a result. General convulsions of central origin frequently 
occur, paralysis of spinal origin may attack the extremities. The 
physical functions are disturbed in degrees varying in their mani- 
festations from morbid anxiety to delirium and mania. Pathological 
changes of a characteristic nature are confined principally to the 
nervous system. The disease is essentially the same in all of the 
many species of animals that are susceptible. Protection is af- 
forded by inoculation with attenuated rabies virus and to some ex- 
tent by antirabic serum and so far as known, by no other means. 
The blood serum of immunized persons and animals possess specific 
properties against rabies virus. Once developed, the disease is al- 
most uniformly fatal. No other diseases presents these characters 
in combination. 

TREATMENT 

As a result of recent experiments, scientists claim that when 
an animal or man has been bitten by a rabied dog or other a^'ected 
animal, the immediate application of Tincture of Iodine inserted 
deeply into the wound will prevent the germs from growing, thus 
preventing infection and the consequent development of the disease. 
Some authorities go so far as to claim this to be a specific preventative. 



126 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 




Last stage of Tetanus in a horse. — Photo by author. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 127 



LOCKJAW (Tetanus) 

Lockjaw or tetanus is an infection due to a specific germ, 
(Baccilus Tetanus), which gains access to the circulation through 
wounds of some kind, most frequently through a nail-prick or other 
small wounds caused by a small sharp instrument, which does not 
make a large wound and closes after the instrument is withdrawn. 
Thus the germs are inclosed and usually develop in such large num- 
bers that they bring about the rigid tetanic condition of the body 
shown above, in about twenty-one days. Some cases developing 
after the twenty-first day are usually much milder than those which 
develop before. Some cases develop sooner and some later. 

TREATMENT 

When a horse steps on a nail, the wound should be opened 
freely after the nail has been extracted, in order to give access of 
air and free drainage. Tetanus germs cannot propagate unless air 
and sunlight are excluded. Vaccinate the animal with Tetanus 
Vaccine (from 500 to 1,000 units) and thoroughly disinfect the 
wound with a solution of Lotio Vita. Many a valuable animal 
which has been doomed to death has been saved in this way. In 
every case the patient should be kept quiet in a dark, comfortable 
stall. 

LUMP JAW (Actenomicosis) 

Lump Jaw is due to a specific germ which gains access to the 
animal body through the food. It is communicable from one animal 
to another when the lumps, which form in the region of the lower 
jaw, break open and discharge pus containing the live germs. If 
this happens while the animal is in the pasture grazing and the 
pus trickles on the ground during the natural movements of the 
jaw, other cattle following will eat the grass containing the pus and 
thus introduce the germ, which finds its way to the glands in the 
submaxillary space where the pus sack or lump is formed after which 
the disease is commonly named. 

TREATMENT 

The treatment consists in opening the pus sacks and squeezing 
out the pus, after which the sack should be washed clean and Elk's 
Absorbing Ointment rubbed in freely to absorb the sack and kill 
germs which might remain. Repeat in three or four days. This is 
a satisfactory treatment in all early cases, but if the lump has be- 
come chronic, viz. : If it has broken open on its own accord and 
closed several times, the above treatment must be repeated until 
the entire bunch disappears. 



128 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



COW POX 

This is a form of contagious inflammation of the udder which 
does not spread readily from animal to animal, except by the hands 
of the milker. It is said to occur spontaneously in the cow, but 
this is altogether improbable. It is not uncommon in the horse, 
attacking the heels, the lips, or some other inoculated part of the 
body and is then easily transferred to the cow if the same man 
grooms and dresses the horse and milks the cow. It may also ap- 
pear in the cow by infection, more or less direct from a person who 
has been successfully vaccinated. Many believe that it is only a 




A typical case of cow-pox. — Photo by author. 

form of the smallpox of man, modified by passing through the sys- 
tem of the cow. 



SYMPTOMS 

The disease in the cow is ushered in by a shght fever, which, 
however, is usually overlooked and the first sign is tenderness of 
the teats. Examined, these may be redder and hotter than nor- 
mal and at the end of two days there appear little nodules like small 
peas, of a pale red color and increasing so that they may measure 
three-fourths of an inch to one inch in diameter by the seventh day. 
The yield of milk diminishes and when heated it coagulates slightly. 
From the seventh to the tenth day the eruption forms into a blister 
with a depression in the center and raised margins, from which the 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 129 



whole of the liquid cannot be drawn out by a single puncture. The 
blister, in other words, is chambered and each chamber must be 
opened in order to evacuate the whole of the contents. If the pock 
forms on the surface where there is thick hair, it does not rise as a 
blister, but oozes out a straw-colored fluid which concretes on the 
hair in an amber-colored mass. In one or two days after the pock 
is full it becomes yellow from contained pus and then dries into a 
brownish, yellow scab (See Illustration), which finally falls, leaving 
one or more distinct pits in the skin. Upon the teats, however, this 
regular course is rarely seen ; the vesicles are burst by the hands 
of the milker as soon as liquid is formed and as they continue to 
suffer at each milking, they form raw, angry sores, scabbing more 
or less at intervals, but slow to undergo healing. 

TREATMENT 

The only treatment is to heal the sores and to relieve the cow 
of the painful torture of milking. To do this effectively wash the 
udder and teats clean with warm water and castile soap after each milk- 
ing. See that no soap-suds remain on udder or teats, then dry 
thoroughly with a clean, dry towel. When the parts are thus 
cleansed and dried, rub well with Glycerole (National) all aft'ected 
parts. This will tend to relieve the pain at once, soften the skin, 
and hasten repair. It will surprise you how much more gentle the 
cow will appear at the next milking, even after only one applica- 
tion. Repeat the above until the pox disappear and always milk 
the aft'ected cows last so that you do not carry the germs to the 
healthy ones of the herd, care being taken to have the hands of the 
milker thoroughly clean. 



130 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 




Blood poison following a neglected case of strangles. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS . 131 

STRANGLES (Horse Distemper) 

(See Fig. 14, opposite page.) 

Horse distemper or strangles is due to a specific germ which 
gains access to the blood by the horse coming in contact with other 
infected horses, drinking out of the same vessels or rubbing its nose 
on a post or manger where the discharge of an infected horse has 
been deposited. This disease is the fore-runner of many more 
serious diseases than strangles itself. The germ particularly at- 
tacks the red corpuscles of the blood, which causes a general weak- 
ness of the system to such an extent that it cannot resist other dis- 
eases.' 

TREATMENT 

(See Fig. 15, opposite page.) 

Distemper can be prevented by vaccination. Just as soon as 
one of your horses show signs of distemper, all the rest should be 
immediately vaccinated and all the animals given a teaspoonful of 
Sanguitone twice or three times daily. This gives the well animals 
resisting power and hasten the recovery of the sick. When a swell- 
ing appears in the throat a liberal application of Elk's Dessicant 
should be well rubbed into the skin of the affected parts once daily 
until the swelling breaks open and discharges. Then the wound 
should be kept .clean with soap and warm water. A warm linseed 
poultice may then be applied twice daily to hasten suppuration and 
terminate the disease. To apply poultice, a bandage as shown be- 
low will greatly aid in keeping the poultice in place. 

INFLUENZA 

Influenza is a very wide term applied to epizootics of the horse. 
Pink Eye is one form of the disease. Stockyard Fever, so-called 
is another form. This disease is more or less serious, depending to 
a great extent on the health of the animal and the healthiness of 
its surroundings. It may be set down as a general rule that a horse 
oft feed should not be worked, and if the clinical thermometer 
shows a fevered condition in the animal the veterinarian should be 
consulted. Partial or complete loss of appetite, fever, great nervous 
depression, partial loss of control of the limbs, constipation, slimy 
feces, discharges from the eyes, cough, sore throat, swelling of the 
limbs, sheath and along the belly, and occasionally a nasal discharge 
are all common symptoms of influenza ; a serious result in pregnant 
mares is abortion, few carry their foals the full time. The duration 



132 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



of the disease is usually six to ten days if uncomplicated ; a constant 
watch must be kept for lung or blood complications. Give good 
food, pure air, sunlight, etc., avoid drafts. 

TREATMENT 

To prevent this trouble the entire herd or inmates of a stable 
should be vaccinated after the disease has broken out in the stable 
or neighborhood. If an animal is once affected, we can give the 
system resistance and guard against evil results by giving in moist 
food three times daily one teaspoonful of Sanguitone Compound 
until the patient has safely recovered. Alcoholic stimulants may be 
added to hasten, or bring about a speedy recovery. 



CONTAGIOUS EYE DISEASE IN CATTLE 

This disease, technically termed contagious keratitis, some- 
times termed Pink Eye of cattle, is in some localities and at some 
seasons quite a common disease ; usually it appears in the summer 
or fall. One or both eyes may be affected ; the eyelids are swollen 
and closed and seem unable to bear the clear light; there is a milky 
appearance of the front part of the eye, the corner, thus giving rise 
to the common idea that a scum is over it; the darkest spot is often 
a yellow color, in the center. In some cases a purulent (mattery) 
discharge is present; sometimes the contents of the eye escape and 
vision is thereby destroyed. The affected animal stops eating, cows 
will fail in their milk. 

TREATMENT 

Fortunately, the majority of cases recover completely under 
proper treatment, which is quite simple but effective. It is as fol- 
lows : Separate all the affected cattle from the healthy ones, and 
give those affected the usual dose of Bovolax, place in a darkened 
stall and keep a clean cloth dampened with a solution of boracic 
acid, one ounce to a quart of clean water, containing a couple of 
ounces of laudanum or belladonna, over the eye, or else apply the 
solution mentioned once or twice daily. As many very bad cases 
recover, treatment should be persisted in. If the eye does not seem 
to clear, or an abscess forms, apply the following solution with a 
piece of clean cheese-cloth once daily. Mercury Ointment (Blue 
Ointment) to the eye twice a week for two weeks. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 133 



PERIODIC OPTHALMIA 

This disease is due to a parasite which gains access to the eye 
and affects the optic nerve and brings about symptoms of inflamma- 
tion about once a month. The origin of the germ and the manner 
in which it obtains access to this organ is still unknown to scien- 
tists, but we do know, if taken in time, we very frequently succeed 
in destroying the troublesome agent of disease by keeping the horse 
in a dark place, bathing the eye with warm camomile tea and boric 
acid ; taking about twenty grains of boric acid to a common tea- 
cupful of the tea and applying the same over the eye five or six times 
daily with a bandage, which is kept saturated with the solution. 
This will reduce the swelling and take out the greater part of the 
inflammation. Then you may take JMercury Ointment (Blue Oint- 
ment) one part, lanolin two parts, mix and rub into the eye and 
around the orbit once daily for three or four days, then rest and 
watch results. During the time you are making the external ap- 
plication, the animal should have one dram of Iodide of Potash in 
its drinking water twice daily, at least one hour before meals. 
Xever give this medicine with the food, as you will get no results. 
Continue this for five or six days, then stop. This treatment is the 
most successful of any that is known to the writer for Periodic 
Opthalmia, although the history of the disease would lead one to 
believe that medical treatment has not been very successful in the 
past. 



FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE 
(Aphthous Fever) 

Foot-and-mouth disease is highly infectious, acute, febrile dis- 
ease of cloven-footed animals, particularly cattle. Horses, dogs, 
cats, poultry, and even man may become infected. It is character- 
ized by the formation of vesicles or blisters on the membrane of the 
mouth and on the skin between the toes and above the hoofs. The 
disease does not exist in the United States. Since it has broken 
out on several occasions, however, through infection from abroad, 
it is a disease with which every livestock owner should be fimiliar. 

CAUSE 

The cause of the disease is too small to be seen with a microscope 
and is known as a filterable virus. Transmission occurs by direct con- 
tact with infected animals or by any agency, such as man, other animals, 



134 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



feed, animal products, etc., contaminated with discharges from affected 
animals. 

SYMPTOMS 

In sheep the lesions are more pronounced in the feet, the blisters 
being less well marked in the mouth than is the case in cattle. All four 
feet generally are the seat of small blisters, which form on the skin 
between the toes, on the heel, or around the top of the hoof. The 
animal is restless and kicks with the hind feet. Pain becomes intense, 
severe lameness is shown, and the animal rests on the knees or breast- 
bone in feeding or lies down most of the time. The blisters rupture, 
discharging a clear or yellowish fluid, which later may become cloudy 
or purulent. Frequently the hoof separates from the wall. 

In the mouth small blisters form on the incisor pad, lips, tongue, 
cheeks, or hard palate. These rupture, discharging a clear fluid and 
leave small, reddened surfaces which heal rapidly. A considerable part 
of the membrane of the mouth may be cast off. The animal often 
makes a smacking sound or grinds the teeth. 

Blisters may appear on the udder or teats. There is a general con- 
stitutional disturbance, diminished appetite, and loss of condition. 
The temperature rises at first and then drops to normal. 

The disease runs its course in from two to three weeks, but is 
prelonged by severe foot lesions or by complications. The mortality 
is higher among lambs than among grown sheep. 

DIAGNOSIS 

Foot-and-mouth disease is readily recognized by the rapid spread 
of the disease in a flock, or to cattle and hogs, by the characteristic 
blisters on the feet or in the mouth and by the severe lameness in more 
than one foot. In foot rot of sheep, lameness is present in the affected 
foot ; but in that case the lesions are in the form of ulcers, which 
usually develop at the heel and may extend deeply into the tissues, 
causing erosions which discharge a purulent matter. A pungent, dis- 
agreeable odor also is quite characteristic of foot rot. 

TREATMENT J 

Medical treatment is not practiced in this country, as the danger 
that the disease will spread from an infected flock is too great. On 
each occasion when an outbreak has occurred slaughter of the affected 
herds as early as possible has prevented the disease from gaining a 
permanent foothold in the country. During outbreaks of foot-and- 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 135 



mouth disease suspicious cases should be immediately reported by tele- 
graph to the State livestock authorities or to the United States Bureau 
of Animal Industry. 



SHEEP POX (Variola Ovina) 

Sheep pox is an acute, infectious, eruptive disease of the skin, 
which spreads rapidly through a flock. It is prevalent in Euroj^e, but 
is not known to exist in America. 



CAUSE 

Sheep pox is caused by a living, filterable virus, and is contracted 
principally by inhaling dust and air containing pox-scab material. 

SYMPTOMS 

The disease begins with high fever and general constitutional dis- 
turbance. Round, red spots appear on the parts of the skin which are 
free from or only lightly covered with wool. Papules soon develop on 
these spots and are succeeded by vesicles containing a yellowish or 
pale-red fluid. The vesicles later become pustules and then dry up, 
form a scab which is cast off. The animal gives off a peculiar sweetish 
repulsive odor. The disease lasts about three or four weeks, and the 
mortality, except in severe outbreaks, runs from 5 to 10 per cent. 

TREATMENT 

European authorities advise slaughter of the first animals affected. 
Preventive vaccination is successful, but is carried on under Govern- 
ment permit, because of the danger of spreading the disease. 



ACTINOMYCOSIS (Lumpy Jaw, Wooden Tongue) 

Actinomycosis is a disease rare in sheep, caused by the ray fungus 
Actinomyces bovis, which forms cheesy tumors in the tongue. Occa- 
sionally the lips, jaws, or lungs may be affected. 

TREATMENT 

Give 2 grains of potassium iodid in the drinking water daily for 
a period of two weeks. 



136 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 




Large wound caused by a kick. 
Photo by Author. 



CHAPTER X. 

Wounds and Fractures 

WIRE CUTS, KICKS, CALKS AND WOUNDS. (How to 

Prevent Callouses and Heal a Wound Without 

Leaving a Scar) 

A deep wound of this kind is not safe to be closed up at once 
by means of sutures, especially if it is caused by a kick from an- 
other horse, a wire cut, or an accident, where dirt, filthy and poison- 
ous germs have been introduced into the animal tissues and cannot 
be removed no matter how carefully you clean and disinfect the 
parts involved. Sewing such a wound with the object of healing 
it up quickly, often terminates in blood poison or lockjaw, shortly 
followed by death. Often it is impossible to secure competent medi- 
cal aid in time to save a valuable animal. 

TREATMENT 

When a horse or any farm animal has sustained a wound of 
any kind, whether it be caused by a barbed wire, kick, or other ac- 
cident, you should first of all remove, with as little disturbance as 
possible, all particles of dirt, straw, chaff, or hair from the wound. 
If the cut is so large that the skin lops down considerably you may 
make a suture or two with twisted silk ; if the cut is straight up and 
down, or nearly so, forming a gap, it is not necessary to suture. You 
are now ready to apply some antiseptic which will favor rapid heal- 
ing and act as an astringent, by which the edges of the wound are 
practically drawn together. For this purpose take an original pack- 
age of Lotio Vita, dissolve in a quart of rain water, shake w^ell and 
apply freely with your hand. Repeat twice daily and if the edges of 
the wound become hard and brittle, occasionally rub on a little 
fresh, unsalted hog's lard. You will be surprised at the rapid heal- 
ing power of this preparation. It leaves no scars or callouses of any 
kind, nor will it permit proud flesh to form. It is not necessary to 
apply bandages with this treatment, unless they are applied to ar- 
rest hemorrhages. The wound fares better without a bandage. 
This is a new but thoroughly reliable remedy. It has proved so 
satisfactory that I recommend my readers to keep a package on 



138 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



APPLYING LINIMENTS FOR WIRE CUTS 




The result of applying liniments to a wire cut produces large grout. 



RURAL VETERIXARY SECRETS 



139 



hand ready for use in case of emergency. It keeps indefinitely and 
is not expensive, and is now sold by all up-to-date druggists. 

Wire cuts, kicks, and other wounds are healed most quickly and 
without leaving any scars or marks by dissolving 1^2 ounces of 
Lotio Vita in a quart of rain water and applying twice daily. It is 
rarely necessary to sew up a wound when it is dressed in this way. 
Apply no bandages, for this is nature's remedy for blood poisoning 
and heals like magic if applied promptly while the wound is fresh. 
Liniments should never be applied to an open wound. They are 
made to irritate and are sure to produce objectionable callouses and 
eye-sores. See Fig. 19. 




Calf with fractured limb in plaster cast. 
Photo by Author. 



FRACTURED LIMBS 

Farm animals with fractured limbs, especially horses, valuable 
blooded cattle, sheep, and dogs, should not be destroyed without 
due consideration as to a probable recovery. 



TREATMENT 

If the fracture is not too near a joint, where it might possibly 
involve the same and cause a permanent stiffness, or within the 



140 BUBAL VETEBINABY SECBETS 



large, flesh}^ muscles of the thigh or forearm, a fractured limb can 
be placed in a plaster cast and mended even more quickly than 
that of a human being. 

In applying the plaster cast care must be taken not to shut off 
the circulation in the parts below the fracture. For this purpose we 
usually apply a layer of absorbent cotton before applying the plas- 
ter paris bandage or cast. Care must also be taken to have proper 
drainage of the wounds, if any exist in connection with the frac- 
ture, and while applying the cast or bandage we must always pro- 
vide reinforcements in the cast, such as wooden splints, so that the 
cast will not shift or lose its form before the plaster is properly set. 
Animals will not refrain from moving during this time, like human 
beings, and may spoil the fit and purpose of the cast. 

The above photo cut shows a blooded Holstein calf nursing its 
mother immediately after the cast was properly s*et on a fractured 
right hind limb. This calf made a splendid recovery, the cast being 
taken off and renewed in 68 hours, after which it remained on perma- 
nently until the bone was mended. The larger adult animals, such 
as horses and cattle, should be confined in a sling in order to keep 
them quiet. For calves, colts, and dogs it is not necessary. 



BUBAL VETEBINABY SECBETS 141 



FISTULOUS WITHERS 

Fistulas of the Withers, of which the above is a typical like- 
ness, are usually caused by external violence of some kind, such as 
severe jars while drawing heavy loads, ill-fitting collars, bites from 
another horse while at play, or during an actual encounter, severe 
blows, running under some firm object which is lower than the 
framework of the rose, of which the withers are the most promi- 
nent part, tightly strapped saddles, etc. These cause death of some 
of the inner structures, which soon act as foreign bodies, and which 
nature attempts to caddy out by the process of sloughing or sup- 
puration. Pus pockets are found in the region of the injury, which 
are often deep-seated and become more and more serious as the case 
becomes chronic. The pus gravitates and involves more tissue as 
the disease progresses ; occasionally you will notice a pronounced 
swelling, which breaks open and discharges for a while, but soon 
heals up, only to break open again in a short time. Sometimes the 
most prominent bony structures of the withers (dorsal spines) are 
involved to such an extent as to cause necrosis or death of the parts, 
which necessitates a removal of some of the bony structure before 
you dare attempt to cure the fistula. 

TREATMENT 

Various theories have been advanced as to the treatment of 
fistulous withers. Some of the writers claim it to contain infec- 
tious germs, which leads them to believe that tire disease is con- 
tagious, but this theory receives very little credit. Although infec- 
tious germs are found in the fistula, it is quite probable that they 
have gained access to the fistula after it has been established and 
most likely after it has broken open and discharged, thus affording 
an opening for the introduction of germs, which can hardly be 
avoided under ordinary surroundings, as the farmer or stock owner 
cannot keep the horse's environment thoroughly asceptic ; at least 
it is not customary for him to do so. 

Strong caustic solutions are often injected. As the fistula has 
no drainage or dependent opening, they have little or no effect. 
Astringent and antiseptic solutions or powders have practically the 
same effect. The only reliable remedy is to remove the entire fis- 
tula and (necrotic) bony substance surgically, making any opening 
at the most dependent parts of the pockets and irrigating the wounds 
once or twice daily with a solution of one part of bichloride of mer- 
cury to 1,000 parts of water with a fountain syringe. Make liberal 



142 



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Fistula of the withers. — Photo by author. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 143 



openings and give plenty of drainage, so that the wound will heal 
from within first and avoid a closure of the outer surface until all 
the inner structures have been replaced by natural granulation. In 
making the incision you must be prepared to arrest hemorrhages 
from the arteries and veins, which you are compelled to cut in order 
to operate successfully. For this purpose you must provide your- 
self with an artery or haemostatic forceps with which you can seize 
the vessels and effect an immediate closure. It is also well to have 
on hand a curved needle and braided or twisted silk which has been 
thoroughly sterilized in a five per cent solution of lysol. All instru- 
ments employed should be sterilized in this solution, as well as your 
hands, and clean sponges which you may use for absorbing the 
slight capillary hemorrhages. It is always better to employ a skilful 
veterinary surgeon for this purpose if one can be procured in your 
vicinity, one who is thoroughly acquainted with the anatomy of the 
parts and can perform the work scientifically. The operation is not 
expensive and is well worth attending to in time, if your horse is 
worth keeping at all. Should you conclude to attempt this work 
yourself and need further instructions, write to the author asking 
for such information as you may desire, and you will receive a 
prompt reply by mail. 



POLL EVIL 

Poll Evil is a fistula of the poll and is of the same nature as 
fistula of the withers. Apply the same treatment. 



OPEN JOINTS 

Open joints arc usually caused by kicks, wire cuts, nail pricks, 
or accidental wounds by which a joint is opened and the synovia 
(joint water) allowed to escape. Wounds of this kind are always 
dangerous, as the escaping synovia affords a most favorable medium 
for the entrance into the system and propagation of dangerous in- 
fectious germs. 

Synovia can easily be distinguished from other discharges, be- 
cause of being odorless and the flow increasing by each move of the 
joint. When exposed to the atmosphere for a short time it will 



144 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



coagulate and assume the consistency of jelly and is lighter in color 
than common pus. 

TREATMENT 

Never probe an open joint, as you only make infection more 
liable. Wash the parts thoroughly clean with soap and warm water 
and when dry apply Elk's Dessicant over the entire surface once 
daily for three days, or until the opening has swollen shut, which 
may happen after twenty-four hours, then give the patient, if an 
adult horse or cow, a large teaspoonful of Sanguitone to resist infec- 
tion through the circulation. In smaller animals give smaller doses 
according to age and size. 

As an additional precaution to the above we often give a hypo- 
dermic injection of mixed bacterins. This treatment has proved a 
wonderful success in the extensive practice of the writer. 



CHAPTER XL 

Diseases Common to the Muscles 
and Extremities 

HOW TO LOCATE LAMENESS IN A HORSE 

Lameness is a disease or an injured condition of a joint, bone, 
ligament, tendon, hoof, or muscle of an animal and can be located usu- 
ally by heat, swelling, inflammation, enlargements and lack of action 
in any part of the body or limbs. The signs of location are as follows : 

Hoof lameness improves with exercise. In cases of splint lame- 
ness a horse walks as though sound, but trots lame. In shoulder lame- 
ness a horse stumbles considerably. 

Joint lameness is usually indicated by heat and swelling. Tendon 
lameness is the same. In ligament lameness there is no swelling and 
no heat and there will be no recovery unless the trouble is located and 
treated. In ringbone and curb lameness there is always an enlargement 
present. Bone spavin lameness sometimes appears without enlarge- 
ment. The animal starts off on the points of his toes and warms out 
of it as he is exercised. Bog spavin or thoroughpin always shows an 
enlargement. 

TREATMENT 

Ascertain which of these descriptions fits your case, then see the 
index under its respective title for a proper remedy. 



FOOT AND LIMB TROUBLES 

Diseases of the feet and limbs are usually brought to the stock- 
man's notice by the presence of lameness in the animal affected; there- 
fore, we are justified in considering LAMENESS a symptom of dis- 
ease in the parts mentioned, ii being an expression of pain in one or 
more limbs during movement. While the lameness may be plain, the 
location of that lameness is far from plain, and in many cases will per- 



146 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



plex even the expert veterinarian ; to aid us in the detection of the dis- 
eases 'certain symptoms have been noticed as accompanying certain con- 
cUtions ; e. g., if the animal is lame in the shoulder, the foot is kept 
behind its fellow and the limb and knee are relaxed, the toe touching 
the ground. The limb may be said to hang loosely and when brought 
forward it describes an out turn. In elbow lameness the forearm is 
extended, the knee flexed and the foot is on a level or behind its fellow. 

LAMENESS may be shown when the foot of the lame leg is on 
the ground, e. g., in corns, when the foot is off the ground stiffness of 
the knee may be shown, although little pain is evidenced. It is useful 
to know that lameness may be partially hidden (masked) in a horse by 
the manipulation of the groom, such as exciting him, showing him on 
soft ground, preventing the animal breaking into a trot by holding him 
tightly by the head and by keeping the sound side to the examiner. The 
lame animal should be examined both in the stable and outside, in the 
latter case at both trot and walk,- so as to properly detect the trouble. 
If the horse is sound he will stand squarely on the forefeet, with prob- 
ably one hind foot rested alternately, or if very tired, a near foot and 
off hind foot will be flexed or vice versa. 

POINTING is a term often used in connection with lameness; a 
horse is said to point with a fore foot, if, when standing he keeps it in 
advance of its fellow, in which case the heel or toe may be raised or the 
foot placed flat upon the ground. 

The novice is often perplexed to know whether the lameness is 
before or behind, according as the animal is trotted to or from him. 
In this connection it might be mentioned that the head and neck consti- 
tute the balancing pole of the body. In lameness of the fore limb the 
head, if free, will be raised higher than usual when the lame leg, if a 
front one, comes down on the ground. A sharp turn to the right or left 
will also aid, as the weight will be thrown on the forehand. If the 
lameness is behind, the head will be lowered when the limb is brought 
to the ground. The slow trot on hard ground with the groom a couple 
of feet from the animal's head, who is made to go straight aivay, will 
be the best pace at which to examine. If lameness in front is suspected, 
have the animal trotted towards you and note the movements of the 
head, the legs and the feet ; then note the action from the side, whether 
shortened or not, and if the actions of the muscles of the limb are un- 
derstood, the variations from the natural gait will be more readily un- 
derstood. Uprightness of a fore pastern is symptomatic of lameness 
in the foot of that limb. Usually if the fore part of the foot is affected, 
the heel is lowered, e. g., in Founder. If the back part is affected as in 
coffin joint lameness, (navicular disease) the heel is raised, while if 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETES 147 



due to bad nail puncture or fracture, the foot may be lifted entirely 
from the ground. Fre(|uent lifting from one forefoot to the other is 
indicative of coffm joint trouble. 

If lameness behind is suspected, let the animal be trotted away 
from you and watch for the limb on which the animal dwells and on 
which he puts his weight; as to which is raised the higher; whether a 
toe is dragged or not ; then turn to the right about and left about, no- 
ticing whether any reluctance is shown to putting weight on a limb. 



THE SPAVIN TEST 

This test may be gi\en if hock lameness is suspected, by flexing 
the hock tightly, which is jierformed by lifting the limb up close to the 
body for a few minutes, the foot being let down and the animal trotted 
ofif smartly. If the lameness is due to spavin, the lameness will be more 
marked after giving the test, the horse sometimes going ofif on the hoj). 
.\fter a drive, or warming up of a horse, the lameness w ill often disaj)- 
pear; in such cases the examination should be deferred until the horse 
has cooled off, when the lameness will usually show very plainly. 
Horses often drive out of the lameness when warmed up; that is, the 
lameness disappears, except when lame from SPLINTS, .SORE 
SHINS, CORNS, FOUNDER or SPRAINS. Intermittent lameness, 
that is, the animal goes lame one time, sound another, is characteristic 
of RHEUMATISM or NAVICULAR TROIT.LE. 

Lameness behind is usually in the hock; if in front, the feet of 
heavy horses are usually affected, light horses being liable to affections 
of the cannons, tendons or ligaments, as well as the feet. Wearing of 
the toe of a front shoe is symtomatic of navicular; of a hind shoe, 
spavin; if the heel is worn it is likely to be due to either Founder or 
Ringbone. 



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Serus Scyst — Caused by a bruise to the shoulder 
due to an ill-fitting collar. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 149 



SHOULDERSLIP (Sweeney) 

Shoulderslip, or as it is generally termed "Sweeny", is rather a 
common accident in young farm horses, especially among those em- 
ployed in breaking new land containing bush or tree roots. The shoul- 
der muscles are sprained and as a result wasting (atrophy) of the outer 
muscles takes place, and the animal is then said to be SWEENIED. 
This affection is easy to diagnose when once the wasting has occurred. 
The treatment is necessarily of long duration owing to the damage to 
the muscle cells. The wasted muscles usually take months to fill out. 
In the early stages bathing with hot water, Elk's Vesicant, or better, 
injecting 10 drops of turpentine in various parts of the Sweeny, will 
usually give the desired results. Rest, the use of a breast collar and 
avoidance of the cause will also aid in recovery. 

Wasting of these muscles may result from rheumatism or chest 
founder (navicular disease). 



SORE SHOULDER AND COLLAR GALLS 

These are very common on the farm and can best be prevented by 
having collars and harnesses that fit. A very good method is, on return 
ing a horse to the stable, to loosen the back pad. collar, or saddle, lift up 
and replace, leaving there for l."^ to 30 minutes. The reason for so 
doing is that the parts under the harness are quite hot, and if the gear 
is removed at once the parts become chilled and a congested swelling 
results, unless a brisk rubbing is given the parts. The use of a strong 
solution of alum and water, or salt and water, to the shoulders after 
removal of the harness will serve to toughen the parts. If sores result, 
they should be treated as ordinary wounds. In some cases they are 
slow to heal, e. g., at the top of the neck, in that case needing the stimti 
lating effects of some blistering material to increase the blood supply 
to the parts, while the chronic sores of the shoulder often take on a 
hard, toughened appearance, being termed "sitfasts". Such a condi- 
tion must be removed with the knife and treated with a solution of 
Lotio Vita. 

A sudden swelling often results from the use of a collar too small. 
It is not an abscess containing pus, but a swelling containing serum, 
which on being let out resembles bloody water. .Such cases must be 
oi)ened at the most dependent parts and syringed daily with a solution 
of 1 part of bichloride of mercury to 1,000 parts of water. If left 
alone they get hard and are a continual cause of sore shoulder, eventu- 
ally calling for the knife, and if neglected may cause infection (blood 
poison) . 



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Collar bruise causes infection. 



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CAPPED KNEES 

Si)lints arc hoii)- cnl.'irj^cinciUs on llic caniujn. whicli connected 
of beddinj^ in the stall. In the early stages bathe with hot water and 
applv National I'Jectric Cream twice daily; later use the knife, or the 
insertion of ^ seton (a piece of medicated ta])e) through the enlarge- 
ment from top to bottom will help reduce the enlargement. 



SPLINTS 

Splints are bony enlargements on the cannon, whicli connected 
with the small splint bones and are the result of inflammation caused 
by concussions. Young horses are very liable, the scrub more so than 
the pure-bred, owing tt) the inferior ((uality of the bone. In (;rder to 
detect them, although in many cases they are easily seen, the finger and 
thumb are passed down over the small cannon bone, notice being taken 
of any variation from the smoothness of those bones. The lameness 
is due to the stretching of the ])criostcum (bone covering) during 
tlic throwing" out of the bony material (splint formation). The 
lameness quite often disappears when once the splint is formed, and 
the enlargement may also disappear in the same manner that a cal- 
lous does. The lameness shown is often out of all projjortion to the 
size of the si)lint ; those more serious are close up to the knee joint. 
I^xercise increases the lameness. If no lameness is evident, do not 
bother the animal with blisters, etc. Always let "well enough" 
alone. If lame, give rest, reduce any inflammation with cold w-ater, 
and thoroughly rub the iiarts firmly but gently, with hulk's Absorb- 
ing Ointment for 10 to 15 minutes once a day for 3 days, then rest 
two weeks and rei)eat until relieved. Splints are more common on 
the fore legs than on the hind legs and more often on the inner 
side of the limb. 



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RINGBONE 



Ringbone is a disease of the bony structure, occurring as the result 
of inflammation of the pastern or coffin bones, usually on the hind 
pastern, but may be found on the fore limbs. This trouble occurs in 
different locations on the pasterns, e. g., the two pastern bones are 
termed "high ringbone". If the joint between the small pastern 
and coffin bone is affected the "low ringbone" is said to exist and 
it is a serious condition. Sometimes the enlargement appears on 
the large pastern bone and is then termed "false ringbone". The 




Point firing for ringbone. 

b(Miy deposit may be at the front or sides of the bones affected 
and may cause lameness by interfering with the movement of the ten- 
dons or ligaments. Ringbone may be caused by a horse going on the 
toe, the result of spavin. It is important to remember that the pasterns 
may be rough, large and prominent at the joints and yet not be affected. 
The prominences noticed are to give attachment to ligaments and 
muscles; both pasterns should be alike. In the early stages there is a 
stiffness of movement of the pastern joints, and if in the fore feet, a 
tendency to walk on the heel, the lameness being shown long before any 
enlargement can be noticed. 

The only satisfactory treatment is the firing iron, followed by Elk's 
Absorbing Ointment, once daily for three days ; then rest two weeks 
and repeat until relieved. Avoid breeding from sires or dams with this 
disease. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 153 



SIDEBONES 

Sidebone is the apt term used to describe the turning' into bone 
of the lateral cartilages, which change may be partial or complete. As 
will be remembered, these cartilages are of a gristly nature and yield 
more or less under pressure with the fingers and thumb. Heavy horses 
seem to be the ones mainly affected and in connection with this fact 
concussion can hardly be the cause. Injury from stepping on one an- 
other, and HEREDITY, greatest of all, are the probable causes. The 
symptoms are lameness with a stilty action and shortness of gait, hard- 
ening and enlargement of the cartilages. 

The treatment is not satisfactory, blistering and tiring doing good 
only in the earlier stages. A bar rocker shoe with frog pressure, fo- 
mentations and rest, later work on soft ground, will be about the best 
treatment. Some people have the animal nerved if the lameness con- 
tinues. Above all, do not breed from a stallion zvith sidcbones, and if 
judging, throw out a stallion so affected always. 



COFFIN JOINT LAMENESS (Navicular Disease) 

This is a disease of the coffin joint and its cartilages, which comes 
on slowly, usually the result of concussion, more especially if the foot 
is not a strong one and of good shape. .Shoeing with higli heels, thus 
relieving the frog from pressure, will increase the chances of concus- 
sion and indirectly increase the tendency to this disease. Long, hard, 
continual driving is a frequent cause; the endless bang on a hard road 
will almost invariably cause this disease. The speed has little to do with 
it. The pastern of an affected foot is more upright and concave and 
the heels often strong. 



SYMPTOMS 

Pointing in the stable, favoring of the limb affected, shortening; 
of the stride, with a stilty. stubby gait, are all symptoms of this 
disease. If one notices a horse affected with this disease, driven 
on the street, which is later on stopped and tied, the animal will 
be noticed to paw slightly with the affected foot. In fact, it is really 
imnting a comfortable spot on which to rest the foot, so as to allow the 
coffin joint to be flexed; he may even rest the heel on a stone. If both 
feet are affected, the gait is very short, he paddles, stubs the toes, and 
if the pain is severe, will lie down the greater part of the time when in 



154 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



the stable. As a result the muscles of the whole limb may waste, thus 
giving rise to the condition termed "Chest Founder". The hoof and 
coronet will also be narrower than usual. 



TREATMENT 

Give rest, apply Elk's Vesicant once daily for 3 days, and turn on 
a soft pasture. If not cured, get your veterinarian to put in a frog 
seton, and if that fails, have him nerve the animal, after which opera- 
tion the feet will need daily watching and care, although it will enable 
the animal to work without lameness for a year or two after the opera- 
tion. Have the feet pared so as to throw slightly forward on the toe, 
and apply a wide-webbed shoe with a roll to the toe. 



PRICKS WHILE SHOEING 

These pricks are not as common as they used to be, the shoeing 
smiths being more careful than heretofore and as a result of the various 
horseshoer's associations studying the anatomy and physiology of the 
feet. The cause may be driving nails to,o close or in the wrong direc- 
tion, thus penetrating into or bearing on the quick. The lameness and 
pain may not show for a day or even for a couple of weeks. In the 
latter case pus is likely forming. Some horses have thin walled hoofs 
and are easily pricked ; the nearer the heel the greater the danger ; inside 
quarters being oftener pricked than outside. If a horse has been left 
shod for some months and when reshod has the foot cut down pretty 
w'ell, he is apt to go lame, due to the strain thrown on the tendons and 
ligaments, or to the sole having been made too thin, thus pressing on 
the sensitive parts, and the animal may be thought to have been pricked. 
If a horse goes lame after shoeing, the nail being driven high or the 
point not shown, or the hammer gives a dull sound, we may suspect 
pricking. If blood follows the withdrawal of a nail, or if the nail is 
wet, due to matter (pus), we can be certain that the quick has been 
hurt. In some cases after paring the feet a stain may be seen around 
the nail hole. 

THE COLOR OF THE MATTER (Pus) is often a guide as to 
the extent of the injury. If black, the wound is only superficial and 
will soon recover ; a yellowish color shows pus more or less deeply 
seated ; if purple and a putrid smell, the chances are that the pedal 
bone is affected. Should great pain be shown after letting out the mat- 
ter, the injury is very serious. In this form of disease the same rules 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 155 



apply as to other wounds. Plenty of drainage so as to get the pus 
away must be given ; hence, pare the foot, steep- in a hot, antiseptic solu- 
tion for a couple of hours, or bath of Lotio Vita, one ounce to a pint 
of water, may be given daily for an hour. If the hoof is hard, the 
a])i)licati.on of a hot, flaxseed poultice will be useful before doing much 
l)aring of the foot. After i)aring down, baths followed by f)akum and 
tar sto])pings are to be preferred to poultices. Pricks from shoeing ov 
from nails picked up on the street, will, if not attended to, result in pus 
forming and working upwards to the coronet and there breaking out, 
thus foVniing what is known as a "(piittor". It is needless to say that 
the treatment for this condition will have to be left to the surgeon. 



CORNS 

Corns are bruises of the sensitive sole, usually in that portion en- 
chjsed by the inner angle of the wall and bars and usually present in the 
fore feet. Weak heels predispose to the disease; very strong heels may 
also result in this trouble, due to pinching of the sole between them and 
the pedal bone. 

The causes of corns are several, chief of which is faulty shoeing, 
l)utting pressure on parts not intended to bear it, by cutting down the 
bars or putting on short heeled shoes, and especially by the common 
]:)ractice of leaving shoes on horse's feet for months at a time without 
resetting and removal of excess horn growth. Excessive thinning of 
the sole and later stepping on a stone will cause the sole bruise (corn). 
Some weak- footed horses will have corns in spite of all methods of 
shoeing; barefooted horses rarely have corns. 

The lameness resulting from corns gets w'orse as the animal is 
worked. He ma\' point his foot forward while at rest. If the shoes 
are removed and the sole pared, the svirface will be noticed to be red- 
dened and in some cases pus may be found, always a serious condition. 
Removal of the shoe, paring out of the seat of the corn and a poultice 
to the foot will in cases of lameness, due to a corn, result in almost 
marvelous cures. 

TREATMENT 

Antiseptics, such as tar, should be used and a bar or three-cpiarter 
shoe should be put on, care being taken to avoid pressure on the affected 
parts. 



156 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



FOOT ROT IN CATTLE AND SHEEP 

This disease will often occur if the feet are allowed to grow too 
long and get fouled with manure, or as a result of running on low-lying, 
wet, muddy pastures. Lameness will be excessive, the pain in some 
cases causing the animal to go off its feed, fall behind the flock, or herd, 
and sometimes go on its knees. In such cases trim down the feet and 
bathe in a Lotio Vita solution, 1^ ounces to a quart of water. Two 
or three applications of Lotio Vita solution will usually cure most cases. 
Where large numbers need treatment the solution is made and placed 
in a wooden trough and the animals walked through it. 

A good way to treat cattle affected is to take a piece of cheese- 
cloth soaked with the drug. After cleaning between the cleft, work 
back and forth and then a clean piece of cheese-cloth which has been 
soaked in the solution may be tied on the foot. In severe cases poultice 
with flaxseed or boiled turnips, after cleaning and dressing with the 
solution. Do not use cow dung, or other dirty materials. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



157 



STIFLE OUT (Luxation of the Patella) 




Luxation of the patella of a yearling colt. 

Stiflle Out exists in two forms, the partial and complete. The 
former is usually found in young colts, the result of heredity ; stallions 
poorly muscled through the stifles get such stock; the latter in older 
animals, the result of an accident. In young colts the bone will be 
seen to slip in and out, a clicking noise being made at each step; for 
such cases Elk's Vesicant repeated at two-week intervals will often aid 
the young patient. To avoid such cases feed well, and do not keep on 
very hilly pastures, also avoid making the foal following its dam dur- 
ing the day while working. The construction (anatomy) of the parts 
will aid in understanding this trouble and the means of reduction. In 
partial dislocations in grown horses a sharp crack of a whip will startle 
the animal and the bone will fly into place; in other cases (complete 
dislocation), it will be necessary to place a rope around the fetlock of 



158 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



the affected limb, and have an assistant to draw the Hmb well forward, 
the hand being used to press the bone forward and inwards at the same 
time, when it will usually fly into place with a sharp click. Once in 
place it is best retained there by keeping the limb well forward by 
means of a side line and by the use of a stifle shoe (a shoe with a piece 
of iron projecting in front foiu* or five inches) on the foot of the af- 
fected limb. A smart blister. Elk's Vesicant, applied twice at an inter- 
val of two weeks, will assist in repairing the injury. That the animal 
should be rested during the treatment every sensible person will under- 
stand. Treatment in these cases should be prompt. 

When the lesion occurs the limb affected if stiff, nailed to the 
ground as it were, kept out behind the body and if made to move is 
dragged with the toe down. The wall and even the front of the pastern 
may be on the ground. The animal moves with very great difficulty. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



159 



SPAVIN 




I 'ouU iM'inj:!; for S])a\"in. 



Spavin is the bane of horse flesh and horsemen, and while of two 
kinds, (a) bone spavin, affecting the bones of the hock, and (b) bog 
spavin, affecting the bursae of the joint and adjacent structures, there 
is httle difference as to the serious nature of either trouble, owing to 
the difficulty in curing either form of spavin. 



160 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



BONE SPAVIN (Jack) 

Bone Spavin is a disease of the bones of the hock joint, an in- 
flammation of the articular (joint) surface, as a resvilt of which marked 
lameness is usually shown, following which a bony enlargement is 
tiirown out at the lower part of the internal side of the hock joint. The 
result of this disease often is stiffening of the joint. The more serious 
bone spavins are those affecting the upper row of hock bone, situated 
towards the front of the joint and affecting animals over six years old. 
Coarse hocks may exist and if there is no lameness and both are alike, 
should not be condemned. The causes of spavin are bad conforma- 
lion, sprains, excessive work of the hind limbs, result of jumping, high 
school work, tying in below the hocks. This disease is sometimes seen 
in cattle and sheep. 

Spavin is in many cases easily detected. The enlargement being 
accompanied by lameness, which is characterized by a shortening of the 
stride, dragging of the toe, which is unnaturally worn as a consequence 
of the lameness, which the horse will warm out of, but if stood up for 
twelve to twenty-four hours, will show quite markedly. If recent, 
there may be heat of the parts and no enlargement; in fact, in that 
form known as OCCULT (hidden) Spavin, no enlargement is shown 
at all. 



EXAMINATION OF THE HOCKS 

To detect the enlargement the examiner should stand in front and 
a little to the outside of the foreleg of the same side as the hock to be 
examined. The hock should present a somewhat wedge-shaped appear- 
ance, the base being upwards. By placing one's self in a similar posi- 
tion by the other foreleg, the other hock is seen and a comparison made, 
the only safe way to detect the enlargement. If suspected, the examiner 
may flex (close the joint), the hock up tightly and have the animal 
trotted off quickly, which if affected, will limp perceptibly. The hocks 
should also be felt with the hands, the off hock with the left palm, etc. 
The treatment is preventive and curative, the former by avoiding the 
use of spavined sires or dams, by proper shoeing and avoidance of too 
heavy loads. The curative consists in reducing the inflammation by 
giving rest, warm fomentations, a high-heeled shoe, and Elk's Absorb- 
ing Ointment, and if that fails, the firing iron and blister, which should 
be left to the veterinarian. Never apply strong acids to eat out the 
bone. See illustration. Fig. No. 33. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



161 




A spavin as it ought to appear wlicn properly fired with a tlicrmo- 
cautery, leaving no scar or blemishes and relieving the lameness perma- 
nentlv. 



162 



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FIG. 33 

An attempted cure for spavin by misapplying drugs fails to relieve lame- 
ness and leaves a blemish forever. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



163 



BOG SPAVIN 

r.og Spavin is a condilion in which the capsular ligament of the 
liock joint is distended by joint oil (synovia), appearing as a soft swell- 
ing on the inner sides of the hock, just above the site of bone spavin. 
This disease occurs in two forms, (1) without any inflammation or 
lameness; (2) a hard, painful swelling with accompanying lameness. 
The causes are premature overwork; defective conformation due to 
heredity ; the swelling being .soft and cool ; it may be due to overfeed- 
ing, such as for show purposes. In such cases cold water compresses 
and a good hand rubbing for 20 to 30 minutes before taking before the 
judges will often remove the enlargement for a short time; treatment 
is usually unsatisfactory, ])ressure by the use of a Bog Spavin and 
Thoroughpin truss being the best. 



THOROUGHPIN 




Tliorouglipin off hind leg. 
Photo by .\uthor. 

Thoroughpin is rarely absent when Bog Spavin exists, and is due 
to the pressure of the fluid constituting the Bog Spavin on the bursae 
of the perforans tendon, which is thus pushed out of place. This lesion 
appears as a swelling at the back part of the hind leg, just above the 
joint of the hock and in front of the hamstring. It can be pressed from 
side to side with the finger. The treatment is the same as for bog 
spavin. In draft stallions it may be due to a sprain of the tendons, a 
serious condition. 



164 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



CURB 

Curb is an enlargement (a bowing out) at the back part of the 
hock, about six to eight inches below its point. Usually it is described 
as a sprain of the ligaments at the back of the hock. Quite often the 
bones of the part are affected also, the enlargement being due in many 
cases to the pushing outward of the ligament by the inflammed bone. 
T,o detect the enlargement it is often necessary to stand to one side of 
the hock and then to the other so as to see the back line of the leg in 
profile. The causes of this trouble are many; jumping and slipping, 
going up steep inclines, and more especially conformation, the result 
of heredity. Horsemen often speak of Curby (sickle) hocks; such a 
conformation is especially liable to curb, and is readily transmitted to 
the progeny by an affected sire. The leverage exerted in connection 
with the hock joint is very powerful, the ground being the fulcrum; 
the weight, the resistance of the head of the lower thigh bone; the 
power, the muscles of the gaskin (lower thigh) attached to the point 
of the hock. The tendenc}' to curb will be increased by: 

(1 ) Work too severe for the strength of the lever, 

(2) By disease or immaturity ha\ing rendered the parts unequal 

to the strain, 

(3) By the surface for attachment of the ligaments being too 

small, a tied-in hock, 

(4) By the muscles of the gaskin being very strong, 

(5) By the presence of a large angle formed by the direction of 

the weight and lever, as in the Sickle Hock. 

It is an unsoundness and a very bad defect in stallions ; is probably 
more common in light than heavy horses. Lameness is shown. in the 
earlier stage as a rule. The application of a high-heeled shoe, and Elk's 
Absorbing Ointment once daily for 3 or 4 days, will generally overcome 
the trouble, li the lameness and enlargement persist, the veterinarian 
should be asked to fire the parts. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 165 




Bad (cuiby) Hind Legs C, a curb. 



166 



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STRINGHALT 

Stringhalt is a disease of a tendon of the hind Hmb. It used to be 
classed as a purely nervous affection. The affected parts (tendons) 
undergo severe contractions as a result of intiammation of those ten- 
dons. The exaggerated flexing of the hock, more quickly than natural, 
and high lifting of the foot seen when the animal is backed or moved 
forward, render the recognition of this diseases quite plain. The treat- 
ment is surgical and consists in cutting the tendon (peroneus) a short 
distance below the hock. 




Curing a stringhaU by severing the pcroncus tendon. 



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167 



SHOEBOIL (Capped Elbow) 




A typical slioeboil before operation. 



Shoeboil is situated at the point of the elbow, the resuU of too 
narrow stalls, lack of bedding or pressure of the heels of the shoe when 
lying down. 'J"o prevent it the heel should be ])added. or a piece of 
2x2 inch stutif nailed crosswise in the stall, about half way back. This 
trouble usually calls for the intervention of the surgeon before being 
tinall}' cured. If it is well fomented with warm water in the early 
stages and Elk's Absorbing Ointment applied every day for 4 or 5 days, 
the more serious blemish mav be avoided. 



» \ 



168 



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CAPPED HOCKS 




Capped hocks. 
Photo by Author. 



This condition is brought about by a bruise, or external violence 
to the hock. Sometimes horses do this by getting up in a hard-floored 
stall. 



TREATMENT 

First of all you must ascertain the cause, whatever it may be and 
remove it. Then cut the hair off close to the skin over the entire 
enlargement and rub w^ell with Elk's Absorbing Ointment once daily 
for four or five days. Then rest a week to give the hair a chance to 
grow and apply again. Do not wash off at any time after applying 
the Ointment unless the parts become dirty. The above may be applied 
a third time if reduction of the cap is not complete. These enlarge- 
ments contain synovia (joint water) and do not yield to treatment as 
quickly as ordinary enlargements ; therefore, you must have a little 
more patience. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 169 



THRUSH 

Thrush is a foul condition of a horse's foot, affecting particularly 
the frog or spongy parts. A moist condition is usually noticed about 
the cleft of the frog, which has an offensive odor and is of a dirty 
black color. The hoof is feverish and soon becomes contracted and 
tender. As the disease works upward into the sensitive parts of the 
hoof, the horse becomes lame. If not relieved in a short time, cancer 
and ill-formed hoofs are the result. 

TREATMENT 

Thrush is easy to cure in its early stages. A single application 
of Elk's Anti-Thrush packed firmly into the cleft of the frog and every 
ramification of the affected area, in the evening, will show a wonder- 
ful improvement by the next morning. If the case is an old one, where 
the frog becomes ragged and decayed, the foul portions must be com- 
pletely removed down to the healthy parts before applying the Anti- 
Thrush. In such cases, repeated applications must be made, as many 
as the case may require. 



COCKED ANKLES 

Cocked Ankles are caused by a thickening of the posterior tendons 
of the leg, due to a slip or strain generally. The thickened parts natur- 
ally become shorter and bring about the cocked condition. 

TREATMENT 

To bring about recovery we must absorb the unnatural, thickened 
parts so that the tendon will stretch to its usual length and perform its 
natural functions. To do this remove the shoe and pare off all super- 
fluous horny substance. Bathe the thickened portion of the tendon in 
warm water for 15 minutes twice daily, after which you must rub the 
parts well with National Electric Cream. This is a sure cure for an 
acute case. If the case is of long standing and has become chronic it 
may be necessary to use Absorbing Ointment instead of the Electric 
Cream, or it may be necessary to resort to the firing iron, if both of the 
above mentioned remedies fail. 



170 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



CONTRACTED HOOFS OF HORSES 

Contracted hoofs are usually brittle and feverish following contin- 
ual hammering on the hard, dry highways, or any condition that will 
bring about acute or chronic founder. Following chronic founder the 
hoof will take on the ramhorned shape and appearance. 



TREATMENT 

Take off the shoes, soak the hoofs in water or a linseed poultice 
for twenty-four hours, then pare the sole down as close to life as possi- 
ble and rub well with axle grease over the entire hoof. Clip off the 
hair above the hoof about one and one-half inches all around and rub 
once daily for five minutes with Elk's Yessicant. Do this for 3 days, 
then send to pasture or give the freedom of a large box stall for 10 
days, when the above treatment may be repeated until the hoof has 
grown larger from the coronet to the wearing surface, which will take 
about six weeks. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 171 



HOW TO TREAT A NAIL PRICK 

Nails, if picked up on the street or barnyard are always dangerous 
when they enter into the Hve tissue of the animal's body, especially so 
when rust\ and introduced through tlie horny part of the hoof. Rusty 
nails always carry germs which cannot be avoided and such j>ricks are 
the common causes of lockjaw and septicemia, owing to the fact that 
a nail is extracted and the germs which are taken in with it are scraped 
off with the horny tissue and allowed to remain within the live and 
sensitive part of the hoof. The fact that the wound is small and closes 
immediately after the nail is extracted is the most dangerous to the ani- 
mal, as this is the most favorable environment for the propagation of 
the lockjaw germs. These germs cannot propagate where there is 
access to air and .<^unlight. 



TREATMENT 

The treatment is to immediately extract the nail and make a liberal 
opening to the extent of the wound caused by the nail, thereby allowing 
access of air and a free drainage. \\ hen this has been done, drop a 
few drops of Solution of Lotio Vita in the wound. This will antago- 
nize septic germs of any kind. If there are signs of great pain a warm 
linseed poultice mav be renewed twice daily and the wound treated as 
above described. 



SORE NECK 

Horses fretiuentl}- get sore and \ery i)ainful necks while working, 
especially in the spring and early summer. There will be an eruption 
of the skin attended with swelling and a discharge. This is due to 
humor in the blood and must be treated through the circulation. Noth- 
ing will give quicker and more satisfactory relief than one teaspoon- 
ful of Sanguitone given in moist food three times daily. Wash the 
wound with warm water, just as w-arni as you can bear to your hand, 
three times daily. Dress with Lotio Vita as directed on package. 



I 



CHAPTER Xll. 

Common Farm Operations 

DEHORNING 

Dehorning is a surgical operation usually performed on cattle, by 
which they are rendered more tame, and consequently more easily 
handled. My experience is that if properly done bad results are very 
few. Cattle will often go right to eating; some cows will not even show 
any appreciable shrinkage in their milk; for the control of bulls this 
operation is indispensable. The operation is best performed during 
cool weather, so as to avoid flies, during the period from October until 
April. Best results are obtained in yearling and two-year-old cattle. 
The instruments in general use are the slippers or saw. I prefer the 
former as being handier, calling for less restraint of the animal, and if 
kept in good shape, well-oiled and sharp, do just as good work, only in 
a great deal less time. Bleeding from the operation is rarely serious. 
In heavy milking cows it may sometimes need attention. 

Smear the hair at the base of the horn with vaseline and turn it 
back; then secure the animal to a strong post by means of a chain or 
rope, so that it can be quickly released. A stanchion might be used. 
Insert the bulldog (a nose forceps) into the nose and draw the head 
around to the flank. The operator then applies the clipper over the 
exposed horn and brings it as close to the head as possible, the object 
being to remove about one-fourth inch of the skin along with the horn, 
thus destroying the horn matrix and preventing the growth of unsightly 
stubs. To make a nice-looking head be careful to so apply the clippers 
that the cut will slope inwards from the bottom of the horn base ; thus a 
pointed poll, resembling that of the Angus, will result. Calves may be 
dehorned by caustics, of which several varieties are on the market. 
A cheaper method, just as good, is to buy caustic potash in the stick 
form at the drug store. It will be necessary to w^rap cloth about it 
when using or the fingers will also be cauterized. It is applied aroun4 
the base of the horns, just where thev join the skin. 



174 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 

TAPPING THE FIRST STOMACH OR PAUNCH 

(For Bloating) 

This is performed in cattle and sheep when badly bloated. The 
instrument used being known as the trocar, a pointed rod, and the 
canula, a hollow tube. It can be used for ringing" bulls. The operation 
is performed in the upper left flank at a point ecfual distant from the 
point of the hip, the last rib and bones of the loin. The instrument 
being applied to the point described is given a sharp tap and pushed 
in its full length, the trocar withdrawn, the gas then rushes out of the 
canula, which may be left in for five or ten minutes. The pavmch is 
the organ tapped in cattle and sheep ; the tapping of horses should be 
left to the veterinarian. Rumenotomy. This is an operation for the 
removal of food in cases of impacted rumen. The operation when 
done, consists of the opening and removal of its contents and sewing 
up by the veterinarian. It should not be left to the eleventh hour. 
Good results follow when performed early and with antiseptic pre- 
cautions. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 175 



CASTRATION 

Castration is usually ])erfi)rme(l t^n colts, at a year old; if light in 
the neck and fore quarters they nia}- be left until two years. The oper- 
ation is done either in the standing or lying position. The first is hazar- 
dous and requires an agile and expert man, but of recent years it is 
found most practical because it presents the organs in their natural 
position. 1'his operation should not be performed unless the colt is 
in good health ; the results are better if a run at grass for a few days has 
lirst been obtained. The instruments needed are the emasculator and 
a castrating knife, which should be placed in an antiseptic solution ten 
minutes before operating, the hands and arms being also cleansed with 
the same material. It is also good practice to tirst examine the parts 
for ruptures, etc. 

THK KSSl'lNTIALS TO SUCCESS in Castration are: Thorough 
cleanliness, obtained by the plentiful use of antiseptics; good health at 
the time of operations and exercise afterwards. The scrotum is seized 
between the tinger and thumb, so as to tighten the skin over it and a 
good incision (four inches or thereabouts) made over the testicle right 
through the coverings of the testicle, which will then pop out. The 
emasculator is applied well up on the cord and with the rough edge to 
the body, and the handles closed, the testicle is removed, the operation 
being repeated similarl\ on the other testicle. Some of the antiseptic 
may be poured into the wounds. A colt should be stabled for 
eight to ten hours, when it should be turned out with the others. 
If a mature horse, hitch and gi\e a short drive or slow work; if cold 
rains occur the animal must be stabled. The wounds should be exam- 
ined occasionally in order to see that they are kept open, thus insuring 
the drainage away of any pus. It should be remembered that the testi- 
cles of colts may not descend until twelve months old, sometimes as 
late as two years old. 

IjuIIs are castrated standing, the head being tied up solidly to a 
strong post. An attendant at each side steadies him, the operator 
stands squarely behind the bull, seizes the scrotum, gives it half a turn 
round and draws it out between the hind legs. The incision is made 
from nearly the top to the bottom of the sac, the testicle draw^n out 
and removed with the emasculator, or the cord is scraped slowly with 
the knife until severed, the remaining testicle being removed similarly. 
Calves are thrown down, the end of the scrotum cut off, the testicles 
drawn out until the cord breaks or the cord is scraped off as before. 
Lambs are castrated in a similar way, being held as described for small 



176 



BUBAL VETEBINABY SECBETS 




Simple operation of castration in standing position. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



177 




Cepticema, the result of castration when colt was affected with distemper. 



178 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



pigs. The knife or docking shears may be used for taking off the piece 
of the scrotum, which may be left any length desired. 

Rams are castrated similarly to bulls, or by turning. (With the 
ram, you have him turned upon his haunches, clip the wool off the 
scrotum to get it out of the way. Have someone hold the ram and hold 
the hind feet up pretty close to the body, unless you wish to go to the 
trouble of tying. Take the end of the scrotum in one hand and with 
the other press the testicles well up into the body so as to tear them 
loose from the end of the pounch, you can usually feel them give way, 
now bring them down and taking them one at a time invert them and 
revolve them three times around the cord or until it is twisted tight. 
This you will find is not the easiest job until you get on to it. You can 
tell when the cord is twisted tightly by passing the finger along and 
feeling the spiral condition and the hardness. When you get one 
twisted let it draw up into the socket so it will not turn back right end 
up, while you operate on the other. Having them both done, tie the 
sac close up with a soft cord. Tie tight enough to prevent them com- 
ing down and turning back. Cut the strings off after 24 to 36 hours." — 
Curtis and Edgerton, Iowa Agricultural College). In this method 
germ infection, so much dreaded in rams, is avoided. Another method 
lauded by some, and which has been tried at the Station (W. E. S.) 
is to tie a strong cord around the sac or cod as close to the body and 
as tight as possible. Three days later the sac and stones are cut away 
about an inch below the cord and an antiseptic applied to the cut end. 

Caponizing is the operation performed in removing the testicles 
of poultry. 

SPAYING OR CASTRATION of female may be performed in 
the sow, bitch and cow, rarely in the mare, unless a bad (vicious) actor 
(e. g., switcher and kicker) in harness. The surgeon should be called 
to operate on mares, and unless the stockman is expert, on the heifers 
also. Females thus operated on, fatten more readily and are not sub- 
ject to the periods of heat; if a sow it is placed on its right side and 
secured, the upper hind leg being stretched backwards, an incision 
made vertically just below the region of the loin and the hand passed 
in up towards the back and the ovary felt for. When found it is drawn 
towards the opening, thus drawing the horn of the uterus also, render- 
ing the other ovary easy to get in young sows. Both ovaries are drawn 
out and snipped oft' at once. In old sows, only one is exposed at a 
time and its ovary removed. The operation may be performed on the 
cow or heifer in the standing position, the incision being made through 
the upper left flank at the spot selected for tapping a cow, a strong 
scantling being slung parallel to the cow at a level a little above the 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 179 



knee and hocks. The head should be fastened securely and the bulldog 
may be inserted in the nose. The incision is made with a knife through 
the skin. The operator can with his fingers secure the ovaries which 
are snipped off by the spaying scissors, and then brought out. The inci- 
sion should be just large enough to admit the hand. A stitch or two 
through the skin, muscles and peritoneum draws the wound together, 
tar being applied over all. The animal should be starved for thirty-six 
hours before the operation and should only get light sloppy feed or 
grass afterwards for a few days. 



RUPTURES 

Ruptures may occur in pigs and lambs. If shown after castration, 
cleanse the bowels with tepid water containing some mild antiseptic 
and return them, to do which it may be necessary to stand the animal 
head downwards, and also to introduce the finger into the rectum. 
When returned sew up the opening as close to the body as possible, 
keep quiet and give but little food. The navel rupture (umbilical 
hernia is the technical term) is often seen in foals, and quite frequently 
disappears by the time the animal is a year old. Previous to that time 
the enlargement may be blistered, some cases recovering from that 
treatment ; if, however, it persists beyond the age stated, a good sur- 
geon should be employed. 

Entires and geldings are sometimes ruptured in the region of the 
groin (inguinal hernia) and the rupture may even extend down into 
the scrotum in any male entire, constituting what is known as scrotal 
hernia. In the latter case the skilled surgeon's help is needed ; the 
former trouble (inguinal hernia is often the cause of severe colicky 
symptoms in stallions and if not relieved, becomes fatal. The symp- 
toms are as follows: Suddenness of attack, colicky pains growing 
more intense all the time, arching the back, lying on the ground or sit- 
ting up like a dog, pawing the ground, sweating heavily; the cord 
(spermatic) will be thickened and the scrotum feel cold to the touch. 
In such cases give a large dose of laudanum, three ounces in half a 
pint of raw linseed oil. If possible throw and turn the animal on its 
back and after oiling the hand introduce it into the rectum, and by 
gentle traction inside and working outside the bowel may be returned. 



180 



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Large umbilical hernia successfully reduced by surgical operation. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



181 




Same patient six weeks after operation. 



182 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



GENERAL TREATMENT OF WOUNDS 

THE GENERAL TREATMENT OF WOUNDS may be 

briefly stated as follows : First, to stop the bleeding and remove any 
foreign substance, such as dirt; second, to protect from germs; 
third, to bring the parts as closely together as possible, keep down 
excessive inflamm.ation, and prevent the accumulation of dis- 
charges. A wound is said to be healthy when it looks like a clean 
cut; unhealthy when it is pale, covered with pus, small clots of 
blood or proud flesh ; inflamed or angry when hot and of a dark 
red color; indolent when the process of healing seems stopped 
before the proper time, e. g., a sitfast. It may be stated as a gen- 
eral rule that if a wound continues dry, and not ill-smelling, looks 
healthy, etc., that it should not be interfered with, but if pus forms 
it should be washed clean once or twice a day with clean, warm 
or cold water, a syringe or piece of cheese cloth (do not use a sponge, 
the cheese cloth can be burnt after once using), then apply once daily 
a solution of Lotio Vita, this heals without leaving a scar. 

CONTROL OF BLEEDING (Hemorrhage). This is the first 
thing to do in connection with wounds, as the animal's life blood may 
very soon flow away, if the bleeding is from an artery. Bleeding from 
veins as a rule is seldom dangerous, unless the animal is in an already 
weakened condition. Sometimes bleeding is arrested by the contraction 
of the muscular coat of the artery ; an artery partially cut through will 
continue to bleed, when if entirely cut across the bleeding will often 
stop, owing to the fact that the musclar contraction mentioned becomes 
possible. 

Surgical methods of stopping bleeding are by the use of forceps 
performing the torsion (twisting), in this form the divided end of the 
artery is seized by the forceps and twisted until it breaks loose from 
the forceps; the emasculator and ecraseur are instruments partially 
working on this principle, they crush the coats of the vessels. Tying, 
or ligating, as it is termed, silk, twine, catgut or other materials are 
used for this purpose; styptics are occasionally used, they cause clot- 
ting of the blood and thus stop the flow mechanically, for such purposes 
tincture of Iron, or Lotio Vita are used; the hot iron (cautery) is also 
reliable for this purpose, in docking and castrating lambs, and some- 
times in horses, in the larger animals bleeding may occur when the scab 
left from the burning falls off, usually about seven days after the opera- 
tion. The use of dirty materials, such as cobwebs, earth, etc., is dan- 
gerous, as these materials often contain germs of various diseases, e. g., 
lockjaw (tetanus). Hot water (about 110° F.) or ice cold water will 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 183 



also stop bleeding, warm water encourages it. The hands should be 
cleaned and dipped frequently in the antiseptic solution when dressing 
a wound. Stitches are not used as frequently in wounds of animals, 
the powerful muscular contraction tends to tear them out ; in cases 
of severe wounds the veterinarian should be called. The use of such 
irritants: Acids, salt, turpentine, etc., serve no useful purpose on a fresh 
wound when compared with the pain caused, such materials really 
tend to hinder and thus prevent rapid healing; their use is also liable 
to result in permanent scars or blemishes. A solution of Lotio Vita is 
most satisfactory in these cases. It leaves no scar and heals quickly. 

Another class of wounds to deal with are those known as frac- 
tures (breaks). They occur in hard structures, such as bone, differ- 
ing from those already spoken of, which are of soft tissues. 

FRACTURES require expert dressing and the application of 
bandages and splints in the larger animals ; in calves, lambs, pigs and 
poultry the stockman can with little trouble bind up the broken part and 
save loss. Fractures are of various kinds and vary greatly in their 
seriousness ; generally speaking, if the ends of the bones extend through 
the skin, the case is not worth bothering with. Fractures may be straight 
across a bone, on the slant (obliquely), or lengthwise; if the bone is 
"broken without external wound, it is termed a simple fracture; if the 
broken ends do communicate with an external wound we have a com- 
pound fracture; if the bone is broken into small pieces the fracture is 
known as comminuted ; greenstick fractures occur in young animals 
and resemble the break in a green stick, not a clean, sharp break, hence 
the term. 

UNION OF FRACTURES (broken bones) takes place some- 
what as follows : During" the first 3 days inflammation and exudation 
is going on, from then to the twelfth day soft material is thrown out 
around the broken ends, and if the bone is hollow also in the hollow 
space; by the end of a month, if the ends have not been disturbed, the 
soft material mentioned is changed into bone (being known as the pro- 
visional callus) ; following this stage, material forms between the 
broken ends, being later converted into bone, which process takes about 
two months, thus completely uniting the broken parts ; this material 
forms w'hat is known as the definite callus. If occasional movement 
of the ends occur during this stage, complete union is not possible, and 
in such cases the material thrown out instead of becoming bone, takes 
on a gristly formation. The absorption of more or less of the excess 
of callus follows, usually taking several months or longer to be per- 
formed, before this occurs the point of union is shown by an enlarge- 
ment. Briefly the treatment of fractures consists in bringing the broken 



184 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



parts together, securing them in that position by spHnts and bandages, 
usually left on six to seven weeks, drainage and antiseptic treatment 
of the fracture if a compound, entire rest of the patient for at least 
three months in a well-bedded (short material, such as cut straw, shav- 
ings, sawdust, being used) box. Give good, nutritious, laxative food 
and plenty of green grass, if available. 

Fractures may be detected by the presence of sudden, severe lame- 
ness, deformity of the part, which can be moved in unnatural directions, 
great pain, fever, and the grating (crepitus) of the ends of the bones 
together. Fracture of the tibia (bone of the lower thigh) sometimes 
occurs without displacement, being held in place by the strong perios- 
teum. Fractures in old horses are always dangerous. In younger 
horses there is possibility of repair, if given proper treatment and nurs- 
ing. Fractures of the hind legs are more serious than those of the fore ; 
in the former, if above the hock, unless in very young animals, are 
usually not worth treating. Surgical operations are better avoided if 
possible during fly time or in animals far advanced in pregnancy. 



II 



• \ 



CHAPTER XIII. 

Diseases Common to Swine and Sheep 

HOG CHOLERA 




The above cut shows how hog cholera makes its first appearance in a herd. 
Notice the emaciated condition of the small shote below. 



Hog Cholera is an acute febrile disease. So far as is known, 
affects only hogs, and is characterized by extreme contagiousness and 
a very high death rate. We have two forms, i. e., the acute and the 
chronic. That is because the disease in some cases is sudden in its at- 
tack and rapid in its course, while in others it lingers for weeks or 
months before death or recovery. The causative agent is the same in 
both, the difference being due to the variation in virulence of the germs 
and the resisting power of the hogs. 

While the specific cause of hog cholera is the minute organism, 
there are many factors which may render a herd more susceptible to 
the disease; in general anything which tends to lower the vitality of 
the animal may be regarded as a predisposing cause. The germ is 
always present in the bodies of sick hogs and is thrown off in the excre- 
tions, hence the most dangerous factor in spreading hog cholera is the 



186 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



sick hog; but an agency which might serve to carry a particle of dirt 
from infected yards may be the means of starting an outbreak of the 
disease. 



SYMPTOMS 

In the acute type the symptoms are chiefly sluggishness, a disin- 
clination to move, weakness, loss of appetite, high fever, inflammation 
of the eyes and gumming of the lids ; there may be diarrhea, red or 
purplish blotches may be seen on the skin, especially on the abdomen, 
inside the thighs, and around the ears and neck. In this form it usually 
runs a rapid course and the hog gets greatly emaciated. In fact, in 
acute outbreaks the hogs may die after being sick only a few days. 

In the chronic type of the disease the symptoms are much the same 
as in the acute. The hog is sluggish, disinclined to move when dis- 
turbed, and coughing is usually heard when they are disturbed. They 
eat very little, lose flesh rapidly and later become emaciated and weak, 
so that they stagger or walk with an uncertain gait. The hind legs par- 
ticularly appear to be very weak. The eyes are inflamed and the lids 
gummed together. After a few days there is apt to be profuse diarrhea. 
The hog usually lingers along for weeks, sometimes months, but finally 
dies. 



PREVENTION AND TREATMENT 

It has been shown that in a vast majority of cases the germ is 
transported mechanically in the bodies of sick hogs and on the feet of 
men or animals, including birds. It follows that the chances of an out- 
break of hog cholera. will be greatly lessened if a herd is protected from 
these carriers of infection. Hog lots should not be located near public 
roads, if this can be avoided and all newly purchased stock should be 
kept separate for at least thirty days. It is well to occasionally scatter 
slacked lime about the lots and to wash and disinfect the troughs with 
a compound solution of Cresol, one part to thirty parts of water. Hogs 
once affected are not very satisfactory or profitable, as they usually 
don't amount to much after recovery. If cholera has broken out in 
your neighborhood, it is well to guard against a possible contagion or 
infection by vaccinating all your hogs, which will render them immune 
from the deadly malady. 



RURAL VETERIXARY SECRETS 187 



INDIGESTION AND CONSTIPATION IN PIGS 

This is due to errors in diet and lack of exercise. In such cases 
five grains of calomel in a piece of fat pork given to a pig will tend to 
overcome the trouble. A laxative of raw linseed oil or Bovolax in 
milk are also useful, the cause must be removed. In this disease the 
pigs stagger around, refuse food, perhaps vomit, and may show signs 
of pain. 

THUMPS IN PIGS 

Thumps is a disease mainly due to overfeeding and is often a 
serious trouble with the young pigs, the cause being known, the treat- 
ment will be to reduce the feed and give the sow or pigs a dose of 
physic, raw linseed oil or Bovolax, and plenty of exercise. 



REMOVAL OF THE BOARDS TUSKS 

The removal of the tusks is easily accomplished by the stockman, 
and renders the animal less danijerous to manage. Snub to a post, by 
means of a strong rope, one end of which is noosed and applied over 
the upper jaw of the pig. Take a pair of strong pinchers, apply over 
the tusk close to the gum, close the pinchers tightly and give a sharp 
tap or two with a hammer to the exposed jaw of the pinchers. The 
tusk will be broken off easily and without hurt to the boar. 

PARALYSIS 

Paralysis of hind limbs in hogs is quite common, especially in 
shotes fed excessively of corn, while in the growing stage, from three 
to nine months of age. 

This disease is better prevented than cured. Growing pigs should 
not have access to corn at liberty in common with the hogs intended 
for fattening. Feed more skimmed milk, alfalfa, green clover or 
roots, if possible. This will develop more bone and muscle and 
build up a stronger constitution. 

TREATMENT 

Keep the patient in a dry, well ventilated stall. Give a tablespoon- 
ful of Bovolax dissolved in a half pint of warm water. Repeat every 
six hours until the bowels are laxed freely. Rub the back from its 
middle to the tail twice daily with Elk's Electric Cream, morning 
and night, until relieved. 



188 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



CANKER SORE MOUTH OF YOUNG PIGS 

Canker sore is a very serious disease, occurring from the time of 
birth until a few weeks old, and unless attended to is either invariably 
fatal or stunts the pig's growth permanently. The disease will attack 
litter after litter and would thus seem to be contagious in its nature. 
Sore mouth, swellings of the jaw on which are light brown scabs, which 
later show deep cracks are seen. The scabs and cracks are found on 
the snout, extending over the head and even to the body and limbs. In 
some cases an ulcer will form at the end of the snout and eat away 
part of the nose; in other cases the ears may become affected and drop 
off. Dullness, loss of power in the hind limbs, and a tendency to walk 
on the fetlocks, disinclination to move and humping the back are fre- 
quent symptoms. If made to walk will squeal as if in pain ; pigs refrain 
from suckling. 



TREATMENT 

The treatment is simple and effective if thoroughly done. The 
young pigs should first be attended to by dipping in over the head, in 
either of the following solutions, care being taken not to hold them too 
long under water and thus drown them : 

A. Permanganate of Potash — 1 ounce. 
Water — y^ gallon. 

This solution is practically non-poisonous and may be used fear- 
lessly. 

B. Creolin — 1 ounce. 
Water — ^ gallon. 

The treatment should be given three times at intervals of two or 
three days. Remove the dirt from the snouts of the pigs as much as 
possible, so as to economize in the use of the drugs. The sow's udder 
should be washed, a few times with one of the solutions. Should ulcers 
form as described, touch them with a piece of silver nitrate or apply 
a little butter of antimony, with a small swab. Disinfect the far- 
rowing pens with hot carbolic lime wash. This trouble is entirely 
different than that caused by the tushes of the young pigs, with 
which it is confused by so many pig breeders and farmers. A dose 
of raw linseed oil or Bovolax will be of benefit to give the sow. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 189 



RHEUMATISM IN PIGS 

Rheumatism is common in damp stables, may be due to pigs bur- 
rowing in hot manure in winter time and then becoming exposed to the 
cold weather. Removal of the causes, a mild physic and five grains of 
salol in the feed twice daily will help overcome the trouble. If the 
joints are swollen apply Electric Cream morning and night. 



WHITE SCOURS OF LAMBS 

(Infectious Diarrhea) 

White scours is an acute, infectious disease manifested by 
profuse diarrhea. It attacks lambs shortly after birth or within two 
or three days, frequently affecting all the newborn in the flock. It 
is not common in range flocks. 

CAUSE 

A varity of micro-organisms has been found associated with the 
disease, but the most common of them is the Bacillus colicommunis. 
Dirty lambing pens or ground contaminated with the virulent or- 
ganisms soils the udders of the ewe and the organisms are taken up 
by the lamb in suckling. Cold and rain weaken the young lambs 
and predispose them to infection. 

SYMPTOMS 

Symptoms appear in from one to three days after birth. The 
lamb stops suckling, is depressed, and lies down much of the time. 
The feces may be yellowish or grayish white and may be tinged 
with blood. They are fetid and fluid. Death occurs in from one to 
several days after symptoms are showm. 

White scours is distinguished from simple diarrhea by its tend- 
ency to affect a large number in the flock at the same time. 

TREATMENT 

Affected lambs should be isolated and given 2 teaspoonfuls of 
castor oil and an internal antiseptic, such as salicylic acid in doses 
of one-third teaspoonful daily for several days. Anti-white-scours 
serum may be injected shortly after birth as a preventive. On farms 
where the disease has already occurred, ewes should be placed be- 
fore lambing in clean, disinfected quarters. 



190 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 

JOINT ILL OF LAMBS 

(Navel III, Septic Joint Disease) 

Joint ill is an acute, infectious disease of newborn lambs which 
is characterized by swelling of the navel and joints of the limbs. 

CAUSE 

Several common disease-producing organisms may cause joint 
ill. Infection occurs principally before the stump dries, by way of 
the vein of the torn navel cord, which has become soiled by dirt or 
other material harboring the pathogenic organisms. 

SYMPTOMS 

Signs of the disease usually occur within 48 hours after birth. 
The navel cord swells, contains a purulent secretion, and dries 
slowly. The animal is dull, lies down a good deal, and loses the 
desire to suck. There is stiffness and swelling of the hocks, stifle 
joints, or knees. A purulent secretion may escape from an opened 
joint. There may be a general septic condition. 

TREATMENT 

Not much can be done in the case of badly afifected animals 
other than to open and disinfect the navel stump and to nourish the 
animal artificially with milk. Recovery is rarely complete. 

To prevent the disease place the pregnant ewes, shortly before 
lambing, in clean, disinfected quarters containing clean, fresh striw. 
Smear the navel cord of the newborn lamb with Elk's Absorbing 
Ointment as soon after birth as possible and repeat daily for two 
or three days. Tying the navel cord close to the navel is also ad- 
visable. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 191 



Diseases Common to Sheep 

JAUNDICE (Icterus, Yellows) 

Jaundice is a common disease of sheep, but is not often noticed 
except at slaughter. It is characterized by the yellowish appearance 
of the tissues of the body. 



CAUSE 

Jaundice results from various affections of the liver, flukes being 
a common cause. When the bile does not flow freely into the intestine 
the coloring matter is absorbed into the blood, and a yellowish color- 
ation of the body results. 

SYMPTOMS 

The membranes of the mouth, nostrils and eye are yellowish. The 
urine is stained varying shades of yellow. On postmortem the carcass 
shows a yellow discoloration which often disappears after a day or two. 

TREATMENT 

A purgative, such as Bovolax, may be given, likewise opportunity 
for exercise. 



192 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 

ICTEROHEMATURIA 
(Red Water, Malarial Fever, Jaundice) 

Icterohematuria is a highly fatal, febrile disease which is apparent- 
ly restricted to limited areas. It has been reported from certain val- 
leys in Montana and from Colorado. 

CAUSE 

In Europe the disease has been attributed to a blood parasite of 
microscopic size. In this country its cause has not been definitely es- 
tablished. 

SYMPTOMS 

Severe cases are characterized by weakness ; reddish or bloody 
urine; yellowish coloration of the membranes of the eye and nostrils; 
swelling of the head, ears, or neck; stupor, unconsciousness, and some- 
times convulsions followed by death in from two to five days after 
symptoms are noticed. In mild cases no marked symptoms may be 
observed, but yellowish discoloration of the body tissues is seen on 
slaughter. 

POST-MORTEM APPEARANCE 

The skin and fat are yellowish in color, and the muscles slightly 
yellowish. The blood is pale, the liver is yellowish and easily crum- 
bled, and the gall bladder is filled with yellowish-green or greenish- 
black bile. Kidneys are enlarged, soft, and contain a bloody or dark- 
colored urine. The bladder contains bloody or chocolate-colored urine. 
Yellowish or yellowish-green gelatinous liquid is found beneath the 
skin, between the muscles, or in the body cavities. 

TREATMENT 

Quinine, one-third teaspoonful twice daily, is recommended, also 
Bovolax, from one to three ounces. The disease is preventive by keep- 
ing sheep away from pastures where the condition exists. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 193 



PERITONITIS 

Peritonitis is an inflammation of the membrane lining the belly 
cavity and covering the abdominal organs. 



CAUSE 

It is seen generally after castration of lambs or following inflam- 
mation of the womb in ewes. It results from infection. 



SYMPTOMS 

The principal symptoms are evidences of abdominal pain. There 
is plaintive bleating, grinding of the teeth, and the animal frequently 
draws the head around toward the flank. The temperature rises. The 
hind legs may be dragged stiffly and the belly may be tucked up. Fluid 
may be felt in the belly. 

TREATMENT 

The castration wound should be washed with antiseptics. vStimu- 
lating liniments or mustard water may be applied to the abdomen. 



ASCITES (Abdominal Dropsy, Water Belly) 

The condition known as ascites represents an accumulation of fluid 
in the belly. 



CAUSE 

Ascites may be present in several general diseases, and in perito- 
nitis, internal parasitic infestation, or in debilitated animals, especially 
during pregnancy. 



SYMPTOMS 

Gradual enlargement or bulging of the belly is a common symptom. 
Manipulation of the belly will cause the fluid to fluctuate or move 
about. There is a dull sound on thumping the abdomen. Affected 
ewes may give birth to water-bellied lambs. 



194 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



TREATMENT 

The ailment which causes the condition should be treated. Give 
one-half teaspoonful of potassium iodid in a little water as a drench. 
The belly may be tapped and the fluid drawn off. 



ANEMIA (Hydremia, Chlorosis) 

Anemia is a condition in which the blood is deficient in either 
quality or quantity. 



CAUSE 

It is most frequently due to insufficient feed or to feed deficient 
in proteins and mineral substances, such as iron. It occurs often in 
animals grazing on marshy pastures. Ewes suckling lambs become 
anemic when the quantity or quality of feed is inadequate for their 
needs. Anemia is also associated with parasites. 

SYMPTOMS 

The visible membranes of the eye, nose and mouth are pale. There 
is dullness, weakness, and emaciation. A dropsical swelling forms 
under the lower jaw and may extend down the neck to the chest. The 
belly becomes dropsical. The wool is lusterless, harsh, or brittle, and 
falls off in patches. Diarrhea is present in the late stages. The animal 
may die from loss of strength after several weeks, or the disease may 
continue for months. 



TREATMENT 

Change of food or pasture is essential. A sufficient quantity of 
nutritious feed should be given; also administer iron sulphate (cop- 
peras) in from 8 to 15 grain doses daily. Arsenic in the form of 
Fowler's solution in from one-quarter to 1 teaspoonful daily and vege- 
table tonics, such as gentian or ginger, in from I to 2 teaspoonful 
doses are of value in aiding rapid recovery. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETIN 195 



RICKETS (Rachitis, Leg Weakness) 

Rickets is a disease of lambs in which the bones are soft and 
flexible from retarded hardening due to lack of proper mineral salt. 



CAUSE 

F'ailure of the bones to receive enough mineral salts, especially 
lime, may be due to faulty processes in the body, but is usually due to 
lack of lime salts in the feed and to lack of exercise. Suckling lambs 
may become affected if the mothers do not get feed enough, or if the 
feed is low in lime content. Some soils are deficient in lime, and feed 
grown on them is also deficient. Lambs closely confined, even if prop- 
erly fed, may develop rickets. 

SYMPTOMS 

The symptoms arc most apparent in the long bones of the legs. 
Nodular enlargements may be observed on the ends or sides of the 
bones, which are soft and porous. They are bcnl oi' bowed outward, 
inward, or backward. The spine may be curved also. .Stiffness or 
lameness is present. The animal does not like to move about, lies 
down a good deal, or crawls about and kneels when eating. The sec- 
ond set of teeth is slow in coming. The licking or nibbling of walls 
is observed, and there is a desire for filth and for foul water. 



TREATMENT 

Lambs should not be penned closely, but should be allowed plenty 
of room for exercise. They should also have nutritious feed, grown 
on good soil. Lambs should be given new pasture or plenty of green 
feed, timothy hay, clover, alfalfa, pea hay, oats, linseed cake, or other 
feeds rich in lime and phosphates. Dams of nurslings should be well 
fed on such feeds. Chalk (calcium carbonate) may be given to ewes 
with suckling lambs, or to lambs, in doses from one-half to 2 teaspoon- 
fuls daily, or sodium phosphate may be alternated with the chalk. 



196 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



GOITER (Big Neck, WooUess Lambs) 

Goiter is characterized by a swelling of the thyroid, which is 
situated in the throat just below the lower jaw. It is quite common in 
sheep in various regions. Lambs from affected flocks show absence 
of wool and enlargement of the throat. Many are born dead, and 
some die shortly after birth. Those that live are often unthrifty. 



CAUSE 

The disease is caused by lack of iodin in the thyroid gland. This 
appears to be due to a scarcity of iodin in the vegetation and water in 
certain districts. Where the pregnant ewe can not get iodin enough 
the normal growth of the fetus is arrested. 

TREATMENT 

In flocks where the disease exists pregnant ewes should be given 
potassium iodid daily for three months before lambing. One-half ounce 
of potassium iodid mixed with one-half ounce of milk sugar and dis- 
solved in the drinking water daily is sufficient for 100 ewes. 



RHEUMATISM 

CAUSE 

Rheumatism does not occur so often as a separate affection as 
formerly believed. Symptoms of soreness, lameness, or stiffness as- 
sociated with various internal diseases are popularly termed rheuma- 
tism. Rheumatism, independent of other ailments, is generally due 
to cold drafts and dampness. It affects the muscles and to a less ex- 
tent the joints. Young animals are usually affected. 

TREATMENT 

Protection against the causes, with application of National Elec- 
tric Cream to the affected parts, will help restore the animal to health. 



RURAL VETERINARY ^ECRET^ 197 



WOOL EATING 

CAUSE 

Wool eating is observed principally in winter, when sheep are 
confined to close quarters. It is often a bad habit, which, when started 
by one or more animals, is imitated by others. In other cases lack of 
elements in the feed may cause the hal)it. 



SYMPTOMS 

Lambs begin by gnawing the wool of their mothers, usually on 
the thighs and abdomen. Older sheep may select one animal and eat 
all its wool before turning to another. W^ool eating may become gen- 
eral in the flock. A few lambs may become anemic, show digestive 
disturbance, or even die as the result of the formation of wool balls 
in a compartment of the stomach and the subsequent plugging of the 
intestine. 

TREATMENT 

Wool eaters and their victims should be removed from the flock. 
Animals should be turned out for exercise, and nutritious feed should 
be provided. 



198 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



BIGHEAD 

Bighead is characterized by a sudden swelling of the head and 
ears. The affection is not very widely distributed. It is found in Utah 
and the surrounding States, and greatest losses occurring in southern 
and central Utah, southern Idaho, eastern Nevada, and western and 
southern Wyoming. It is also seen occasionally in sheep brought as 
feeders from those regions into the Middle Western States. In such 
cases the disease occurs shortly after the arrival of the animal early 
in the autumn if the heat is excessive. 



CAUSE 

The definite cause of bighead is not known, though climatic con- 
ditions have much to do with its appearance. Sheep are usually af- 
fected during the early spring and early summer while being driven 
from the winter to the summer ranges, more commonly before shear- 
ing. Bighead appears to be most prevalent after a cold or stormy 
night, when the day following turns hot and the animals are driven 
fast in the hot sun, and when they are compelled to inhale a consider- 
able quantity of alkali dust. It affects males and females alike, though 
it is seldom seen in young lambs. This condition affects sheep in much 
the same way as man is affected by poison ivy. The disease is not 
transmissible from one sheep to another or to other animals. All ex- 
periments with transfusion of blood or injection of serum from affect- 
ed sheep to healthy ones were without results. 

The disease of sheep in Europe, known as fagopyrism or buck- 
wheat poisoning, is similar to bighead. In one experiment in America 
bighead was produced by feeding buckwheat and exposing the animals 
to the sun. In another experiment the results were negative. On the 
desert and on different parts of the trail sheep eat a number of plants 
that belong to the buckwheat family, and it is possible that the trouble 
may come from that scource. 

SYMPTOMS 

The first noticeable symptom is that the animal begins to throw 
its head up and sidewise in a jerking manner. It is greatly irritated 
and shakes the head and tries to rub it. The animal walks aimlessly 
through the flock, often stamping its feet on the ground, and seldom 
standing still very long. The eyesight is affected, as the animal fol- 
lows a direct line, sometimes running into other sheep and other ob- 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



199 




Bighead of sheep, showing swelling of eyelid, face and ear (ear had been 

cropped). Scabs on ear, eyelid, and nose due to drying of exuded 

serum. Catarrhal, stringy discharge hangs from nose. 

(After Buckley). 



200 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



jects in its path. In that condition some of the sheep wander away 
from the flock and are lost, either dying as a result of exhaustion and 
starvation or becoming a prey to wild animals. 

If the animal is watched after the jerking of the head begins, 
one can see the ears turn red and enlarge. At about the same time 
the cheeks show congested appearance. Ears and cheeks continue 
to enlarge to enormous proportions, the ears drooping as a result 
of their weight. After the swellings are about complete, small 
drops of serum of a light-yellow color begin to exude from them. 
The entire face becomes so swollen as to close the eyes, and in some 
cases the internal pressure of the serum forces the eyeballs out of 
their sockets. Fever is always present and shows itself early, the 
temperature ranging from 104° to 107° F. In the severe forms this 
occurs in from 30 minutes to one hour. The vision being obstructed, 
the animal can not see its feed and the lips, cheeks and tongue are 
so badly congested that the eating is impossible. In many cases 
the tongue fills the mouth entirely. In some cases there is a dis- 
turbance of the breathing due to pressure on the trachea and inflam- 
mation of the air passages. To some extent this may be due to 
excitement, and when in that condition the sheep, if allowed to, will 
continue to chase around until completely exhausted and will then 
lie down, usually never to rise. Others that are only slightly 
effected may recover. The skin often cracks or peels off the swelled 
areas and many animals lose the wool over the entire body. Sheep 
once affected are never as good as formerly, as they become un- 
thrifty. Many of the ewes that carry lambs lose them, 

POST-MORTEM APPEARANCE 

Sheep killed during the early stages of the disease show 
petechiae (purplish spots) in the nostrils and all tissues of the head, 
trachea and lungs. There is an accumulation of serous or jellylike 
fluid around the eyes, in the cheeks, between the ears, below the 
jaws, and under the mucous membrane of the mouth and tongue. 

When sheep die as a result of this condition, the jelly-like 
material is found in different parts of the body under the mucous 
and serous membranes and in some of the m;uscles. There are often 
small hemorrhagic spots along the intestinal tract and around the 
kidneys. There is a congestion and thickening of the walls of the 
lymphatics, with a swelling of the lymph glands. The blood circu- 
lation of the head in many instances is nearly shut off by the pres- 
sure of the swollen condition. The brain and spinal cord of the 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 201 



dead animal contain an excessive amount of serum. The muscle 
tissue appears normal in most ]jarts of tlie body except the head. 

TREATMENT 

Different medicinal substances were experimented with on 
affected sheep with the view of finding some specific that might 
overcome the trouble. The substances that do the animals most 
good are emollients, such as vaseline or olive oil, applied to the 
head. Whenever affected sheep have absolute rest and some pro- 
tection from the direct rays of the sun and their heads are smeared 
with emollients they recover in a short time, while those that are 
not treated in this manner but are driven indefinitely without these 
precautions, become severely affected, many of them dying as a 
result. 

The malady is prevented by handling sheep properly, not driv- 
ing them too far or too fast on the trail during the heat, especially 
before shearing in the spring. 

Sheepmen should not become excited when bighead develops 
in their flocks and cause the herders to rush the sheep over the 
ground, as they do where poisonous plants exist. Keep the animals 
cool so far as possible, and many great losses can be prevented. 



SORE EYES 
(Conjunctivitis, Ophthalmia, the Blinds) 

CAUSE 

Disorders of the eye may arise from a number of causes. 
Inflammation may follow injuries, or inclusions of dust, seeds, pol- 
len, etc., or may accompany other diseases, such as catarrh. At 
times inflammation of the eye becomes prevalent in a particular 
district or region. 

SYMPTOMS 

The eye is kept closed, especially when exposed to light. Tears 
flow freely. At first the discharge is watery, but later it may 
become purulent. The eye membranes are swollen and red. The 



202 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



eyeball may become clouded or milk white, and in bad cases it may 
ulcerate and rupture. Cataract and blindness frequently follow 
successive attacks of ophthalmia. 

TREATMENT 

Any foreign matter in the eye should be removed. The eye 
should be washed with 3 per cent boric-acid solution, or, better 
still, after washing the eyes with lukewarm water place several 
drops of 15 per cent solution of argyrol on the eyeball. Treatment 
should be given twice a day, the animal being kept in a dark place 
if possible. 



STOMATITIS 
(Necrotic Stomatitis, Sore Mouth of Lambs, Thrush) 

Stomatitis is an inflammation of the mouth. It may occur in 
several forms, as catarrhal, aphthous, necrotic and mycotic. 

CAUSE 

Catarrhal stomatitis, or simple redness of the mouth, is due to 
irritants in the feed or to irritating mineral or poisonous substances. 
Aphthous and necrotic stomatitis are caused by micro-organisms. 
Mycotic stomatitis is caused by fungi or molds. 

SYMPTOMS 

In catarrhal stomatitis a diffuse of the redness of membranes 
covering the tongue, cheeks, and hard palate is observed. In the 
aphthous form patches of yellowish-gray false membranes, made 
up of cast-off fibrin and exudates, are found on the tongue, gums, 
and at other points in the mouth and throat. In the necrotic form 
small ulcers or decayed spots are present. The mycotic form also 
presents ulcerated areas. 

In all forms suckHng or the taking of feed is painful. Saliva 
dribbles from the mouth. A disagreeable odor is given off. Fre- 
quently the animal is stiff" in the limbs, and the back may be arched. 
There is an unthrifty appearance and loss of flesh. In very young 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 203 



lambs the disease takes a rapid and fatal course. Older animals 
generally recover. 

TREATMENT 

Separate the sick from tlie healthy. Lambs unable to suck 
should receive milk artificially. Older animals should have bran 
mashes, ground feed, or gruels. The mouth should be swabbed out 
daily with such antiseptics as compound solution of cresol, carbolic 
acid, or permanganate of potash in 2 per cent solution. It is also 
beneficial to dissolve 2 tablespoonfuls of borax in each pail of drink- 
ing water. 



CHOKING 

CAUSE 

Choking occurs as the result of the lodging of a piece of root 
or dry, coarse feed in the guUrt. 

SYMPTOMS 

Difificult breathing, head stretched out, attempts to swallow or 
to vomit, stoppage of rumination, and bloating suggest choking. 
hVeling ahmg the gullet will reveal the obstruction. 

TREATMENT 

If the obstruction is near the mouth it ma}^ be fished out with 
the fingers or an instrument, or forced up by outside pressure. If 
farther down, a little linseed oil may be given and the material 
pushed toward the paunch by means of a rubber tube or stout 
looped wire. In obstinate cases immediate slaughter may be advis- 
able. 



204 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 

INDIGESTION 
(Impaction of Rumen, Atony of Stomach, Grass 

Staggers) 

CAUSE 

Indigestion results from the presence of other diseases; from 
feeding coarse, fibrous, indigestible feed with little green feed ; from 
spoiled feed ; or from overloading the stomach. The fourth stomach 
of lambs may become impacted with curdled milk. 

SYMPTOMS 

There is dullness, loss of appetite and rumination, bad-smelling 
eructation with passing at long intervals of bad-smelling, dry, un- 
digested dung in small quantities. The left flank may be distended 
and feel doughy to the touch. 

TREATMENT 

Give purgatives, such as Bovolax in from 2 to 3 ounce doses, 
or castor or linseed oil from 3 to 6 ounces. One-half ounce of tur- 
pentine may be mixed with the oil. Work up the paunch with the 
hands over the left flank. When the animal begins to eat give suc- 
culent green feed for a few days. 



DIARRHEA (Dysentery) 

CAUSE 

Common diarrhea, as distinguished from white scours of lambs 
and from diarrhea associated with specific disease, is due to disturb- 
ances in the digestive system from irritants in the feed, change to 
al^undance of succulent feed, spoiled feed, exposure after shearing, 
oi^ to the presence of parasitic worms in the intestine. 

TREATMENT 

The feed should be examined and regulated. Adverse condi- 
tions should be corrected. It is best to give a purgative, such as 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 205 



Bovolax, 4 ounces, or castor or linseed oil, 4 ounces, to remove the 
irritating matter. If diarrhea persists, subnitrate of bismuth may 
be given in from one-half to 1 tcaspoonful doses. 



CONSTIPATION 



CAUSE 

Constipation may be a symptom of certain stages of general 
diseases. Simple constipation is due to digestive disturbances 
resulting from indigestible dry feed with insufficient water, wool 
balls, especially in lambs, or lack of exercise in stalled rams. 

SYMPTOMS 

The animal is dull, appetite is decreased, the mouth is dry, and 
sometimes colicky pains are evident. Attempts are made to defe- 
cate and the feces are hard and coated with mucus. 

TREATMENT 

Grown sheep should be given 4 ounces Bovolax in a quart of 
water. Lambs should be given a smaller quantity, actrotding to 
size, or 2 ounces of castor or linseed oil. Succulent green feed 
should be fed for several days. 



RETENTION OF THE MECONIUM 

Retention of the meconium is observed in new-born lambs 
which fail to pass the dung soon after birth. 

SYMPTOMS 

There are evidences of colicky pains as a result of intestinal 
irritation. 

TREATMENT 

Give an injection of linseed oil into the rectum ; also a tcaspoon- 
ful of castor oil by the mouth. 



206 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



PARALYSIS 

Paralysis, is a loss of motion or sensation in a part of the body 
and generally depends upon brain or nerve derangement. Com- 
monly, however, the term is used to express lack of movement, 
whether due to absence of nerve control, to extreme weakness, or 
to disincUnation to move as a result of pain. 



CAUSE 

True paralysis in the sheep is present in the late stages of 

rabies, in parturient paralysis or milk fever, in meningitis, and in 

gid. Conditions resembling paralysis are found in a number of 
infectious and noninfectious diseases. 



TREATMENT 

Treatment depends upon the cause and follows the lines indi- 
cated for the diseases with which it is associated. 



BLOODY URINE (Hematuria) 

CAUSE 

Reddish urine may be symptom of several diseases, such as 
anthrax, hemorrhagic septicemia, icterohematuria, inflammation of 
the kidneys or bladders, and urinar}' calculi (stones). It may also 
follow the eating of frozen feed or poisonous plants. 



TREATMENT 

The condition which causes a reddening of the urine should 
be discovered, if possible, and treated. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 207 



DANDRUFF (False Scab, TaUow Scab) 

Whitish, yellowish or brownish-yellow greasy scales may be 
tibserved on the back, shoulders, breast, or neck. The scales consist 
of oily secretion and cells of the outer layer of the skin. Itching is 
absent, but the animal may pull wool from the affected areas. 

CAUSE 

Frequently no cause is apparent, but animals in poor condition 
or suffering from other ailments are most often affected. 



TREATMENT 

The disease is not of common occurrence and is of small impor- 
tance. Good nourishment and care of the skin generally correct the 
disorder. 



BALDNESS (Alopecia, Falling Out of the Wool) 

Baldness is observed as a symptom or as a result of several 
diseases, namely, scab, blue bag, metritis, eczema, ringworm, or 
dandruff. Its control rests upon the proper treatment of the disease 
from which it results. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

Diseases Common to Poultry 

ROUP 

Roup is a contagious disease of poultry resembling the early stages 
of a severe cold, the discharge being offensive. Isolate all affected 
birds, kill or use anti-toxin. Disinfect the hen houses thoroughly. 

The following will aid in determining what makes a fowl sick, to- 
gether with brief notes on treatment : 

CHOLERA 

Cholera is the result of overcrowding, hlth, impure water and feed. 
Use a little soda, alum or carbolic acid, 30 drops to one quart of the 
drinking water, disinfect the runs with lime, also the house. 

CANKER 

Canker in the result of dampness and tilth. Powder mouth and 
throat with burnt alum, disinfect the quarters. 

APOPLEXY 

Apoplexy is the result of overfeeding and lack of exercise. Give 
a teaspoonful of Castor Oil, vegetable diet, cold water to head. 

SOFT SHELLED EGGS 

Soft shells are the result of overfeeding or lack of lime in the food. 
Give oyster shells, cut bone and a vegetable diet. 



210 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



LEG WEAKNESS 

Leg weakness is the result of in-breeding and overfeeding, lack of 
bone forming food and grit. Give one grain of quinine daily, grit, 
vegetable diet, and cut bone. 



SORE EYES AND PIP 

Damp houses. 

BUMBLE FOOT 

Bumble foot in poultry is due to too high roosts, causing bruising" 
of the feet and the formation of an abscess. Bathe in hot water, lance 
and let out the pus, and remove the cause. 

DIARRHOEA 

Damp houses, filthy runs and houses, bad feeding. The same 
treatment as for cholera. 

CROP BOUND 

Overfeeding and lack of grit. Give castor oil and milk and knead 
carefully. 

Unless your poultry are valuable stock, kill at once if diseased. 
Doctoring is expensive in time and money. 

POULTRY LICE 

Poultry lice cause intense itching and loss ,of condition in the host, 
and should not be permitted to exist in any up-to-date poultry house. 
Cases are cited in which animals, (horses, etc.), have become affected 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 211 



when the poultry roosted with them. The removal of the poultry and 
the use of insect powder, if in winter, or the creolin lotion in summer, 
together with the plentiful use of kerosene or hot lime wash, will over- 
come the trouble. Use sulphur lavishly or insect powder in the nests. 
Hen houses should be thoroughly treated twice yearly with hot lime 
wash, the roosts and nests being plentifully dowsed with kerosene. A 
leaspoonful of corrosive sublimate to each bucket of wash will kill and 
keep lice out of the henhouse. 



CHAPTER XV. 



Practical Application of Medicines 
and Home Remedies 



Almost every farmer or stock owner has an occasional opportunity 
to administer medicine of some kind to his cattle in case of sickness or 
otherwise. For this purpose various methods have been applied, such 
as passing a piece of garden hose down the throat of the patient to avoid 
the medicine going down the trachea (wind-pipe) and into the lungs, 
where it usually sets up a severe irritation which results in congestion 
or inflammation of the lungs. The piece of hose is passed down the 
throat far enough to pass the glottis or valve which protects the trachea, 
so that the medicine will surely pass down into the regular alimentary 
canal. At the upper end of this hose is attached an ordinary funnel, 
so that the medicine can easily be poured into the hose. This practice 
looks reasonable and simple, but does not work quite so easily as it 
appears to, for the animal will always fight when you attempt to insert 
the hose, and it is only natural for her to do so, as it is far from being 
what she is used to. 

The less variation you make from Ihe usual practice of treating 
an animal the better she takes to it. The simplest method is the most 
successful method. When using the hose and funnel you nuist confine 
the animal by fastening her in a stanchion or another secure place of 
confinement, where she cannot oflfer much resistance. 

The most common and probably the most practical way is the one 
displayed at the head of this article, where the patient is treated kindly 
by soothing words and gentle petting until she is convinced that no 
harm shall befall her. The animal is not confined at all if of a gentle 
disposition, and if the contrary, it is best to confine her in her own 
stanchion, in the barn where she feels most at home and will be content. 
After having your medicine well diluted with water, which is a very 
important point, in administering medicine to ruminants, or animals 
with four stomachs, such as the cow, sheep and goat, you place it in a 
long necked wine bottle and take your place on either side of the head, 
passing your arm around the opposite side anterior to the horns and 
grasping the opposite lower jaw firmly, thereby pressing her head 



214 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 




Practical method of administering medicine to cattle. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 215 



tightly to your body s,o she will have no chance to swing it from side to 
side. Raising the head as shown in the illustration, you can 
now easily pour the medicine down into her mouth without exciting 
the patient and she will offer little or no resistance. 



METHODS TO BE AVOIDED 

Never pull out the patient's tongue while you are giving medicine, 
as she needs it to perform the act of swallowing to prevent the medi- 
cine from going down the wrong channel. The practice of having an 
attendant i)inch his thumb and linger into the nostrils should be avoided 
above all, as it interferes with respiration and excites the animal, where- 
by it makes an effort to breathe through its mouth, thus leaving the 
glottis open, which admits the fluid into the trachea, down into the 
lungs and frequently leads to fatal results. 



THE NECESSITY OF FREELY DILUTING YOUR 
MEDICINE IN WATER 

Owing to the complicated anatcjmical construction of a cow's 
stomach, which is divided into four sei)arate stomachs or compart- 
ments, it is absolutely necessary to dilute your medicines largely, say 
at least in a quart or two of water for each dose, so that the fluid will 
pass into the reticulum or second stomach, which is the natural recep- 
tacle for fluids. If it were given in the form of a mass, bolis or semi- 
mass, it might pass into the rumen with the unmasticated food, where 
it is liable to be returned to the mouth during rumination, and its 
peculiar taste w^ould ])rompt the patient to throw it out, or drop it from 
the mouth, without its having a chance to be taken into the system 
where it should bring about its desired effect. 



216 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



MODE OF GIVING MEDICINE 

Animals are all more or less difficult to give medicine to; there- 
fore, the stockman must be careful to give it in such a way as to annoy 
the patient as little as possible and yet avoid wasting the medicine. 
Different methods have to be followed with the various farm animals. 
The stronger animals, such as horses and cows, require a certain 
amount of restraint in order to give the drugs successfully. 

To get the efifect of medicine they must be introduced into the 
body. 

Medicines are taken into the system by three channels : 

1. THROUGH THE DIGESTIVE TRACT, in such cases being 
given by the mouth, in the form of powders, drenches or balls, and per 
rectum, by injection into the bowel. 

2. THROUGH THE ORGANS OF RESPIRATION, causing 
the animal to breathe the drug, this is known as the inhalation method, 
and is useful in such diseases as strangles (colt distemper) or worms in 
the air passages (sheep and calves). 

3. THROUGH THIC SKIN, the medicines being ab-sorbed. There 
are subdivisions of this, the absorptive method, the first one of which 
is employed by stockmen, the other being used by the veterinarian 
whenever necessary. They are : 

(a) Epidermically, rubbing into the skin (epidermis) the general 
way of using blisters. 

(b) Endermically, the drug being applied under the skin. The 
rowel and seton are used in this method. 

(c) Hypodermically, the placing of the drug or serum under the 
skin or into the tissues by the aid of the hypodermic syringe. At the 
present time the professional man uses this method in the giving of 
cocaine, morphine, etc., the testing of animals with tuberculin and mal- 
lein. when performing preventive inoculation for blackleg, and in the 
use of serum. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 217 



GIVING MEDICINES TO HORSES 

1. Powders, if not objectionable to the animal, may be given in the 
feed. When distasteful may be mixed with molasses and placed on 
the back of the tongue with a spoon or wooden paddle. The latter 
way is a nice method of giving drugs to horses suffering with sore 
throat, etc. 

2. Drenching is the old way of giving fluids, and is a useful way 
when large quantities are to be given. Back the horse in a single stall 
and raise the head by means of a stable fork placed through the nose 
band of the headstall, (halter), or better take a hame strap, buckle it, 
thus making a loop; slip into the mouth just back of the front upper 
teeth, then raise by means of a rope or fork until the teeth are a little 
above the horizontal. The medicine which is in a tin, hard rubber, or 
even a strong glass bottle or funnel, is poured in from the off side. The 
person drenching steadies the head with his left hand on the headstall, 
which should be slack enough to let the mouth open, and slowly pours in 
about a half cupful at a time. IF ANY ATTEMPTS AT COUGH- 
ING ARh: MADE, AT ONCE LET THE Hl^AD DOWN. Never 
sieze the tongue or pinch the nostrils when drenching. If the animal 
does not swallow readily tickle the roof of the mouth with one or two 
fingers. In some cases a person giving the drench may get on the 
horse's back, sitting well forward, draw the head round to the off side 
by the halter with the left hand and drench with the bottle in the right 
hand. The application of the rope or the noose twitch will often be 
sufficient. 

A method sometimes used in drenching sick horses is to give the 
medicine while the patient is lying down. The operator must be agile, 
strong and watchful. A halter is placed on the animal and as soon as 
he lies down the halter is grasped tightly on its under side so as to throw 
the nose of the horse in the air, the poll being held tight to the ground. 
The operator will be at the back of the horse and will place his knee on 
the patient's neck, and then pour the drench in slowly and at short 
intervals. If necessary the animal may be thrown and the head tied 
to a surcingle. Whenever it is desired to restrain a horse and keep him 
down by holding his head, the poll should be held to the ground, the 
nose up, the back of the head being drawn well back. 

Fluids in any quantities may be given with a metal or a hard rub- 
l)cr 2 ounce dose syringe, (a syringe with an 8 or 10 inch long nozzle 
is preferable). This is a very clean, nice method, one which is now 
almost exclusively practiced, as it is practical and the patient is sure 
to get all of the dose. The operator stands in front of the animal, with 



218 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



his left hand on the animal's nose, the patient being held firmly by an 
attendant or backed into a single stall. The long nozzle of the syringe 
is then inserted into the mouth through the left dental space and passed 
straight down the center of the tongue its full length when the dose 
is discharged. This is much safer and more satisfactory than giving 
balls. Fluids can also be given in gelatin capsules. 

BALLING — Considerable dexterity is required to properly ball 
a horse. To do so the operator stands in front of his patient and with 
his left hand gently draws the tongue forward two to three inches. The 
right hand carrying the ball resting on the second and fourth fingers, 
the third finger on top of it, is carried back in a straight line to the 
root of the tongue, where the ball is left, the tongue at once released 
and the head withdrawn. A few sips of water may be given and, if 
properly done, the ball will be seen to travel down the near side of the 
neck. 



SHEEP 

Sheep may be drenched by backing into a corner, getting astride 
of the animal. Elevate the head, slightly with the left hand, with the 
right hand pour in the fluid. For lambs and sheep difficult to drench, 
the operator should set the animal up on its romp, with its head between 
his knees, the medicine can be" poured in with little risk of choking. 

PRECAUTIONS — Cattle and sheep are easily choked when 
drenching, therefore, it must be remembered that to avoid loss, 
only small cjuantities should be given to be swallowed at one time, and 
if coughing occurs, due to some of the medicine going the wrong way, 
the head must at once be lowered, so that any fluid in the mouth may 
run out. I have known of many animals killed by neglect of these 
precautions. 



PIGS 

Pigs may be drenched by putting a noose over the upper part of 
the snout. When the animal will hang back on its haunches and squeal, 
the medicine can be spooned in slowly. Pigs will take oil, salts and 
other medicines if given mixed with sweet milk in the trough. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 219 



SIMPLE FARM MEDICINES 

'J"he up-to-date stockman will have his chest of medicines for his 
slock, not with the idea of treating anything or everything, but for the 
])urpose of meeting unexpected conditions and for the treatment of 
simple diseases, such as are herein described. Before any person can 
use or prescribe medicines intelligently it is essential that they under- 
stand the actions and doses of those medicines ; not only is it essential 
that the stockman know something about medicines, and that some- 
thing well ; he must also know the best methods of giving such medi- 
cines. The kernel of the matter is that the stockman must be an ANI- 
MAL NlT'iSI'^, in order to render efficient service when his stock are 
sick. Medicines are often classified according to their actions, each 
class being given a distinctive name. The utility of such a classifica- 
tion is at once seen, e. g., an animal is sick, the owner instead of being 
told to use a specific drug such as iron, is advised to use a tonic '(feri- 
tone). Running over the list of drugs in his farm medicine chest, he 
remembers that he has such a drug there with a tonic action, and uses 
it, whereas, had he not understood the term, the animal would have 
had to go untreated. 

With a view of relieving the farmer or stockman from the neces- 
sity of becoming an a|)othecary, the writer simplifies his treatments by 
advising as few drugs as possible and only those which are the latest 
and most reliable for each particular case. Thus the stockman is not 
compelled to keep on hand a small drug store and must not necessaril}' 
also l)e a therapeutist. 

NOTICE — When recommending a remedy, the writer frequently 
specifies some specific remedy, such as National I'ovolax. This is to 
assure the readers that the said drug is recognized by the "National 
Live Stock Sanitary Association", as being the most reliable and 
efifective agent for the specific purpose for which it is being prescribed. 
The VAk's brands of veterinary remedies are also recognized by the 
"National Live Stock Sanitary Association". They are reliable and 
up-to-date. The stockman can safely add such as are here recom- 
mended to his list in the farm medicine chest. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

Miscellaneous 

DISINFECTION OF STABLES 

This is a very important subject for the stockman to understand 
AS he can by this means do more to Hmit and stamp out contagious 
diseases than by any other method. CarboHc acid, bichloride of mer- 
cury (corrosive subhmate), chloride of zinc and numerous other anti- 
septics, including creolin, chloronaphtholcum, zenoleum, may 
he used for this purpose. Empty the stables, then burn up all bedding 
used in the infected barn. Sprinkle the floors with sawdust which has 
been soaked with a ten per cent solution of carbolic acid, or a 1 to 1,000 
solution of corrosive sublimate, letting it remain for twenty-four hours, 
then rake up and place with the manure. Sprinkle the floor with chlo- 
ride of lime or some of the antiseptics mentioned; flush out the drains 
with the same antiseptics. Take a ten per cent solution of hot soft soap 
and water and scrub out stalls, mangers, feed boxes, etc., when dry use 
a knapsack sprayer and apply hot carbolic whitewash (crude carbolic 
enough to make a three to five per cent solution) over the walls and 
ceiling. Sulphur is sometimes burned in stables, for which purpose 
one pound of sulphur is needed to every thousand cubic feet. 

Harness should be washed with a hot soap solution and oiled after- 
ward. Disinfection is rendered much easier if the floors of the stables 
are of cement and the fittings of iron. After the disinfection allow lots 
of light and pure air to enter and do not allow piles of manure, etc., to 
accumulate in the stable. 



THE HORN FLY OF CATTLE (Grubs) 

The Horn Fly is very common in some seasons. It is a little, black 
fly, often found in clusters around the horn base. For its prevention 
bi-weekly applications of fish oil containing carbolic acid, one ounce to 
the gallon of oil and applied along the back and around the horns. Its 
effects are too well known to need description. The use of this mixture 
will also tend to keep oft" the warbly fly, the effects of which are seen in 
the warbles found on the backs o(f cattle. When removed the warble 



222 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



or grub, (larvae of the fly) should be at once destroyed. Hides are 
often materially injured owing to attacks of this fly during the life 
of the animal. Four ounces of flowers of sulphur, one gill spirits 
of tar, train oil one quart, mixed and applied along the spine once a 
week will tend to prevent the ravages of this fly. 



EXTERNAL PARASITES (Lice) 

Lice are the common epidermic parasites of small insects which 
infect all farm animals, including dogs and poultry. They make their 
presence known by causing an intense itching of the skin, which induces 
the animal to rub or scratch the parts, often to such an extent as to 
render the parts bare and even draw blood. The lice multiply rapidly 
and soon become general in a herd. A herd thus afl^ected cannot thrive 
until the little mischief-makers are all destroyed. 



TREATMENT 

The most convenient way to destroy the parasites is to place a few 
oimces of Louse and Fly Destroyer in a common fly spray and spray 
the animals once daily for three or four days or until relieved. This 
is the most effective way to destroy lice or flies and is not .expensive. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRET8 223 



INTERNAL PARASITES (Bots) 

BOTS are the larvae of gad-flies, which lay their orange-colored 
eggs on the legs and between the jaws of horses. The eggs are licked 
off or fall into the feed and are thus swallowed by the horse, where 
Ihey are hatched out in the stomach, where the larvae (bot) will stay 
for months, later being passed out in the dung to be hatched out as the 
gad-fly, so well known to horsemen and so much dreaded by their 
charges. It is doubtful if any horses in this country are free from bots, 
post-mortems invariably showing them to be present in varying num- 
bers. The preventive treatment is to destroy the eggs. A cloth damp- 
ened with kerosene will tend to remove them. The effect of bots de- 
])ends on the number present; if few, no ill effects are noticed; but if 
many, the horse is unthrifty, suffers from indigestion and may die 
from their effects on the stomach walls. They are fastened on the 
stomach walls very firmly and it is doubtful whether medicines have 
much effect. Turpentine, two ounces in one and one-half pints of new 
milk three mornings in succession, given on an empty stomach, will 
probably be as effectual as any drug. Copperas powders, owing to their 
tonic and astringent effect on the mucous membranes, will also be bene- 
ficial ; tartar emetic, two drams in food daily for two weeks might be 
used in place of the drench. 



PIN WORMS 

PIN WORMS are small, thin, whip-like worms, one to one and 
.one-half inches long, found in the posterior bowel, (rectum). While 
producing little disturbance of the general health, they manifest them- 
selves as a rule by a yellow', waxy matter around the anus and by rub- 
bing of the tail and hind parts. The worms may also be found in or 
passed with the excrement. The treatment is mainly local, by means 
of injections. First give an injection to clean out the bowel, and follow 
it with one of salt and water, one ounce of salt to one-half gallon of 
water; or a decoction of quassia chips may be used. If the injections 
fail to remove them, internal treatment will be needed. 



224 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



i#ti" 




U < ) I --. 

I i.i.'i-, Ki till' sii»ii..i;i 
.; u,.i.^..i;iie.iMi..kii.ii 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 225 



ROUND WORMS 

ROUND WORMS are the larger kind usually found in horses, 
and when full grown are six to fourteen inches in length. They usually 
inhabit the small intestines; when many are present the animal loses 
condition, gets pot-bellied, has a rough coat, capricious appetite, shows 
a tendency to eat dirt, with occasionally a colic or diarrhoea, and pres- 
ence of worms in the dung. The riddance of a horse of these parasites 
is not very difficult if a thorough effort is made to dislodge them. In 
order to get the best effects the animal should be starved before giving 
the drugs, which may be as follows : 

National Vermifuge — 1 tablespoonful. 
Common Charcoal — 3 tablespoonfuls. 

mixed and given in the feed three times a day, followed by a dose of 
aloes, or: 

Two ounces turpentine, one pint new milk, given three successive 
mornings on an empty stomach. The fourth morning give two drachms 
Tartar Emetic in a pint of raw linseed oil ; if the horse has to be worked 
steadily the following powders will be useful : 

Powdered Copperas — 1 ounce. 
Powdered Bluestones — 1 ounce. 
Powdered Sugar — 2 ounces. 

Mix and make into twelve powders, one to be given twice daily in the 
feed. 

W' orms are not common in cattle ; in sheep are the frequent cause 
of losses and occasionally so in pigs. 

STOMACH WORMS, usually found in lambs, are the most 
serious and most common. They are very small, one-quarter to 
one-third of an inch long, pale reddish in color, and are found in the 
fourth stomach only. Lambs affected are thirsty, pale in the eyes, 
lose weight, are dull, lose their appetite, may scour or eat dirt. Ben- 
zine or gasoline, tAvo to four drachms in six ounces of new milk, 
given three mornings in succession on an empty stomach, have been 
highly recommended; creolin and milk in similar. doses may also be 
used. National Vermifuge for sheep should be mixed with plenty 
of salt and placed in the salt troughs. 

TAPE WORMS when present cause symptoms similar to those 
described for stomach worms. In addition, paleness of the skin and 



226 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 



mvicous membrane, brittleness of the fleece, loss of flesh, voracious 
appetitie, pieces of the tape worm in the dung; they are more preva- 
lent in wet seasons and on damp pastures. Turpentine in raw milk and 
a decoction of pumpkin seeds are old and tried remedies ; Santonine, 
as much as will lie on a five-cent piece, or tannate of pelletierine, three 
to five grains, are new remedies recommended. The best preventive 
treatment is to change the pastures and crop the old ones for a few 
years. 



LONG WORM 

A long worm is sometimes found in the intestines of pigs. Unless 
in considerable numbers they seldom cause much trouble. If suspected 
give turpentine in milk or oil, or oil of wormseed. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 227 



DISEASES OF YOUNG STOCK 

CONSTIPATION is a common trouble in foals the first few 
days after birth. The food of the dam just previous to delivery not 
having been of a laxative nature, or the first milk (colostrum) not 
being taken by the foal, will thus account for this trouble in the major- 
ity of cases. Calves, lambs, and pigs are rarely troubled as they usu- 
ally get the first milk. The signs of this trouble are straining, rolling, 
lying on the back, collicky symptoms, the belly tucked up ; the foal 
sucking in a half-hearted way and the non-passage of feces are also 
reliable indications. The preferable way to overcome the trouble is to 
diet the dam, changing to food of a more laxative nature, e. g., bran 
mashes with flax-seed, as the use of purgatives on a foal of such a 
tender age is extremely dangerous. The finger may be oiled and intro- 
duced into the rectum, the contents of a dark, tarry ball-like nature 
removed; or a cone of soap may be placed in rectum and left there. 
The injection of one-half ounce of glycerine or two ounces of raw 
linseed oil in two or three ounces of water is very useful and may be 
used in preference to the soap or oiled finger. Lambs should be 
watched their first two weeks of life as the feces tend to stick to the 
wool around the anus and thus form an obstacle to the passage of the 
dung. 

SCOURS (or Diarrhoea) is as a rule more or less serious, the 
contagious form in calves, terms calf cholera or dysentery, being espe- 
cially so. The common cause of Scours is the food, either as to its 
quality, quantity, or regularity in giving it. In foals the disease is often 
due to the use of purgatives to overcome the preceding trouble (con- 
stipation) ; the drinking of warm, stale milk, the mare being worked 
and the foal only allowed to suck at long intervals ; too rich or too 
much milk. We may then consider scours in any animal a symptom of 
indigestion, not as a disease in itself; the looseness of the bowels being 
one evidence of Nature's endeavor to overcome the trouble. In calves 
especially scouring is due to overfeeding, or feeding at too long inter- 
vals, and the use of milk of a poor quality. Lambs sometimes scour 
if the ewes are on pastures of a watery nature, green oats, etc. The 
disease is soon evidenced by colicky pains, refusal of food, scour smell- 
ing passages, the passage of watery feces with rapid loss of strength. 
In some cases curdled milk is mixed with the dung. 

The causes being known, the first thing in the treatment is to re- 



228 BUBAL VETEBINABY 8ECBET8 



move those causes ; the disease being seen in its earUest stages, give as 
one dose : 

Elk's Anti-Scour Compound — 1 dram. 
Castor Oil — 1 ounce. 

The dose may be larger or smaller depending on the size of the animal. 

Lime water in one or two ounce doses fed with the milk is useful 
in overcoming acidity and the consequent indigestion. Foals affected 
with indigestion due to the dam's milk being too rich, should have the 
svipply limited, the mare being milked on the ground. The rich condi- 
tion of milk for calves can be overcome by diluting the milk with 
warm water. Raw eggs with brandy and several other drugs are often 
recommended. Subnitrate of bismuth in suitable doses is a very valu- 
able drug when the digestive tract of young animals is in an irritable 
condition. 



NAVEL-ILL 

NAVEL-ILL is rather a common disease of foals, occasionally of 
calves and lambs. The measures to be adopted by the stockman are 
those of a preventive character, such as dressing the navel with Elk's 
Absorbing Ointment; have the mare to foal on the grass and if the 
disease has appeared make a thorough disinfection of the foaling or 
calving box or the lambing pens, as the case may be. The symptoms 
shown are feverishness and constipation, loss of vigor, being quite dull 
and reluctant to suck, lameness with swelling of one or more joints. 
The latter symptoms, lameness and possibly a swelling of a joint, mis- 
lead the average stockm.an. He thinks the foal has been stepped upon 
by the dam, when really the cause is the introduction of germs by the 
navel. The navel, instead of drying up and dropping off, remains on 
and is clammy to the touch and tap-like in appearance. The later 
stages, exhibit more swelling of the joints, formation of abscesses and 
exhaustion, usually terminating in death. The urine may trickle from 
the navel in this disease. The early employment of a veterinarian will 
only be profitable; the death rate is high on account of skilled treat- 
ment being given too late. Some authorities consider this trouble as 
caused by the same germ as that causing contagious abortion.^ A good 
preventive, however, is to smear the navel with Elk's absorbing Oint- 
ment, this will disinfect the navel and prevent the absorption of toxic 
germs. 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 229 

EXCESSIVE SALIVATION 

See Faulty Teeth. 

HOME-MADE STOCK TONICS 

Every farmer can prepare his own stock tonic, save 150 per cent 
and have a better article than can be purchased on the market at enor- 
mous prices. Besides, you can make it twice as strong and will know 
better how to arrange your food rations when you know exactly the 
contents and action of the tonic. 

See — How to Produce ]\Iore Milk, Etc. — Page 230 and Page 55. 



230 RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 

THE SECRET OF PRODUCING MORE MILK FROM 

COWS, MORE BEEF FROM CATTLE, MORE 

MUTTON FROM SHEEP AND MORE 

PORK FROM SWINE 

The problem is best solved by taking for example a milch cow, 
place her on ordinary dry stable food for three or four months, then 
turn her out to pasture for the same length of time under equal environ- 
ments and circumstances. Then compare the yield and general condi- 
tions of health and you will find yourself from 40 to 60 per cent ahead 
financially in favor of the natural grazing while on pasture. This is 
accounted for in many different ways ; first, when the cow can partake 
of natural food and water at liberty she will govern the supply and 
demand of the system herself. If she has taken too much of one kind 
of grass or herbs, she will seek nature's remedy to counteract it with- 
out delay. Secondly, should any of the vital organs for some reason 
or other become disordered, there appears to be a natural instinct in 
animals to seek their own remedy. Every plant, shrub or tree, has its 
special physiological action upon the animal system and the cow seems 
to know which one of them suits her case. In highly nourished animals 
under artificial surrounding there is a frequent sluggishness of the liver 
due to hyper-nutrition and the constant feeding of one kind of food 
for a long period. This leads to congestion of the liver and sometimes 
to inflammation or other disorders if not noticed by the owner and 
counteracted in time. The result will invariably be a considerable 
loss of the milk yield and sometimes drying her up entirely. These con- 
ditions do not happen when the cow is on pasture no matter how rich 
the food, as the cow will seek to help herself. In this country the 
dandelion (or buttercup) cuts an important figure in pastures. It is 
one of the most effective liver regulators for herbivorous animals. 
Some of us have watched a cow dig into the earth and eat clay. This 
is an indication of a sour stomach or indigestion and she is seeking 
nature's remedy to counteract it. The writer could enumerate many 
of these advantages if space would permit, but will say that every intel- 
ligent and successful feeder watches the needs of his stock and supplies 
their wants while stable feeding. For this purpose a stock tonic which 
contains the ingredients of which his stock are deprived, while confined 
to the stable and deprived of God's green grass, is absolutely necessary 
in order to keep up the yield, general health, and prosperity of the ani- 
mal body. The writer has made this subject a special study and has 
found that a simple tonic which can be added to the regular daily food 
ration with the object of supplying the above wants and keeping farm 



RURAL VETERINARY SECRETS 231 



animals as thrifty and healthy while stable fed, as they would be 
when given their liberty at pasture. This tonic you can prepare 
yourself by taking: 

Old Process Oil Meal 85 lbs. 

Common Salt 10 lbs. 

Sanguitone Compound 5 lbs. 

Total 100 lbs. 

Mix well and give 1 tablespoonful in food twice daily to adult 
horses or cattle ; smaller animals take less according to size and age. 

]\Iany of our readers have given it a trial and speak very highly 
of it. It is inexpensive and should be kept in use during the entire 
stable feeding season. 

Sanguiton is a new and most effective compound which contains 
all the medicinal ingredients required by nature to substitute green 
grass and natural pasture conditions. If your druggist does not keep 
it, write to the author of "Rural Veterinary Secrets" and he will see 
that you are supplied without delay. 



I 



Alphabetical Index 

A 

Page 

Abdominal Dropsy 193 

Abortion 68 

Actenomicocis 127 

Actinomycocis 135 

Acute Discharges from the Nostrils 48 

Acute Indigestion 53 

Acute Nasal Catarrh 17 

Afterbirth, Retaining the 75 

Air Treatment, for Milk Fever 83 

Alopecia 207 

Anemia 194 

Ankles, Cocked -. 169 

Antony of Stomach 204 

Appetite, Loss of 52 

Apoplexy, Cerebral 87 

Apoplexy in Poultry 209 

Apthous Fever 133 

Ascites 193 

Attention to the Newborn 98 

Azoturia 37 



B 

Baldness 207 

Barnyard Itch 109 

Barrenness 70 

Barrenness, Cause of 70 

Belly, Water 193 

Big Head 196 

Big Leg 43 

Big Neck 196 



234 ALPHABETICAL INDEX 



Paare 



Bleeding, Control of 182 

Bleeding from the Nose 18 

Blister, Inflammation with 115 

Blood Trouble 38 

Bloody Milk 64 

Bloody Urine 206 

Blue Milk 65 

Boar's Tusks, Removal of .' 187 

Bog Spavin 163 

Boils 113 

Bone Spavin 160 

Bots 223 

Bound Crop in Poultry 210 

Brain, Concussion of the 88 

Brain, Congestion of the 87 

Bronchitis, Catarrhal 24 

Broken Wind 42 

Bumble Foot, in Poultry 210 



Caked Udders 67 

Calculi, Intestinal 54 

Calf Scours 52 

Calks 137 

Canker, in Poultry 209 

Canker, Sore Mouth in Pigs 188 

Capped Elbow 167 

Capped Hocks 168 

Capped Knees 151 

Casting of the Withers 77 

Castration 175 

Catarrh, Acute Nasal 17 

Catarrh, Nasal : 23 

Catarrhal Bronchitis • • 25 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX 235 



Page 

Catarrhal Laryngitis 20 

Cattle, Contagious Eye Diseases in 132 

Cattle, Foot Rot in 1 56 

Cattle, Horn Fly in 221 

Cattle, Mange on 113 

Cattle, Rabies in 125 

Cerebral Apoplexy 87 

Chapped Teats 117 

Choking 44, 203 

Cholera, Hog 185 

Cholera, in Poultry 209 

Chronic Catarrhal Bronchitis 25 

Cocked Ankles 169 

Coffin Joint Lameness 153 

Colic in Horses 53 

Collar Galls 149 

Concussion of the Brain 88 

Congestion of the Brain 87 

Congestion of the Liver 85 

Congestion of the Udder 66 

Congestion of the Skin with Small Pimples or Papules 114 

Conjunctivitis 201 

Constipation 205 

Constipation in Pigs 187 

Contagious Eye Diseases in Cattle 132 

Contracted Hoofs of Horses 170 

Corns 155 

Cow Pox 128 

Cows, Hard Milking 76 

Cow's Teats, Warts on 76 

Cribbing 48 

Crop Bound, in Poultry 210 

Croupous Laryngitis 21 

Curb 164 

Cuts 137 



236 ALPHABETICAL INDEX 



D 

Page 

Dam, Treatment of the 99 

Dandruff 207 

Decayed Teeth 47 

Dehorning 173 

Diarrhea 204 

Diarrhea, Infectious 189 

Diarrhea, in Poultry 210 

Discharges from the Nostrils 48 

Disease due to Mistakes in Feeding 40 

Disease, Foot and Mouth 133 

Disease, Navicular 153 

Disease, Preventing by Feeding for Health and Profit 55 

Disease, Scaly Skin 109 

Disease, Septic Joint 190 

Diseases Common to Sheep 191 

Diseases of the Teeth 45 

Diseases of Young Stock 227 

Disinfection of Stables 221 

Distemper, Horse 131 

Dogs, Mange on 113 

Dogs, Rabies in 125 

Dropping Wads of Hay 45 

Dropsy, Abdominal 193 

Dysentary 204 

E 

Eating, Wool 197 

Eczema 115 

Eggs, Soft Shell 209 

Elbow, Capped 167 

Epilepsy 88 

Epistaxis 18 

Erythema 107 

Evil, Poll 143 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX 237 



Page 

Examination of the Hocks 160 

Excessive Salivation 229 

External Parasites 222 

Eye Disease in Cattle 132 

Eye Disease in Cattle, Contagious 132 

Eyes, Sore 201 

F 

Failure to Come in Heat 67 

Falling Out of the Wool 207 

False Scab 207 

Faulty and Irregular Teeth 49 

Feeding, Diseases, Due to Mistakes in 40 

Feeding Sick Animals 39 

Fever, Aphthous 133 

Fever, Malarial 192 

Fever, Milk 79 

Fever, Mud 112 

Fistulous Withers 141 

Foot and Limb Troubles 145 

Foot and Mouth Disease 133 

Foot Bumble, in Poultry 210 

Foot Rot in Cattle and Sheep 1 56 

Founder 43 

Fractured Limbs 139 

Fractures 183 

Fractures, Union of 183 

Furuncles 113 

Gall Stones 86 

Galls, Collar 149 

Garget • 66 

Glands, Milk, and their Functions 60 



238 ALPHABETICAL INDEX 



Page 

Goiter 196 

Grass Staggers 204 

Grubs 221 



H 

Hard Milking Cows 76 

Heat, Failure to Come in 67 

Heat, Prostration from 89 

Heaves 42 

Hematuria 206 

Hemorrhages, Bleeding from the Nose 18 

Hocks, Capped 168 

Hocks, Examination of the 160 

Hog Cholera •'. 185 

Hoofs of Horses, Contracted 170 

Horn Fly of Cattle 221 

Horse Distemper 131 

Horse, Lameness in 145 

Horses, Colic in 53 

Horses, Contracted Hoofs of 170 

Horses, Itch in 109 

Horses, Mange on 113 

Horses, Summer Sores on 116 

Horses, Unsoundnesses in 48 

Hydremia, Chlorosis 194 

I 

Icterahematuria 192 

Icterus, Yellows 191 

Impaction of Rumen 204 

Indigestion 204 

Indigestion, Acute ; 53 

Indigestion in Pigs 187 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX 239 



Page 

Infectious Diarrhea 189 

Inflammation of the Lungs • 30 

Inflammation with BHsters 115 

Influenza 131 

Internal Parasites 223 

Intestinal Calculi 54 

Inversion of the Womb 77 

Irregular Teeth 49 

Itch, Barnyard 109 

Itch in Horses 109 



J 

Jaundice 191 

Jaundice, Yellow 85 

Joint Disease, Septic 190 

Joint 111 of Lambs 190 

Joints, Open 143 

K 

Kicks 137 

Knees, Capped 151 



L 

Lambs, Joint 111 of 190 

Lambs, Sore Mouth in 202 

Lambs, White Scours of 189 

Lambs, Woolless 196 

Lameness in a Horse 145 

Lameness, Coffin Joint 153 

Laryngitis, Catarrhal 20 

Laryngitis, Croupous 21 

Leg, Big 43 



240 ALPHABETICAL INDEX 



Page 

Leg Weakness, in Poultry 210 

Leg Weakness, Rachitis 195 

Leucorrhea 68 

Lice 222 

Lice, in Poultry 210 

Limbs, Fractured 139 

Liver, Congestion of the 85 

Lockjaw 127 

Longworm 226 

Loss of Appetite 52 

Lump Jaw 127 

Lungs, Inflammation of the 30 

Luxation of the Patella 157 

Lympangitis 41 

M 

Malarial Fever 192 

Mange on Cattle 113 

Mange on Dogs 113 

Mange on Horses ._ 113 

Meconium, Retention of the .' 205 

Medicine, Mode of Giving 216 

Medicine, Necessity of Diluting in Water 215 

Medicines and Home Remedies, Practical Application of 213 

Medicines, Giving, to Horses 217 

Medicines, Giving, to Pigs 218 

Medicines, Giving, to Sheep 218 

Medicines, Simple Farm 219 

Milk, Bloody 64 

Milk, Blue 65 

]\Iilk Fever 79 

Milk Glands and their Functions 60 

Milk, Stringy 65 

Milk, Suppression of 64 

Mud Fever 112 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX 241 



N 

Page 

Nail Prick, How to Treat 171 

Nasal Catarrh 23 

Nasal Catarrh, Acute 17 

Nasal Polypi 19 

Navel Disease, of Colts and Calves 38 

Navel 111 190, 228 

Navicular Disease 153 

Neck, Big 196 

Neck, Sore 171 

Necrotic Stomatitis 202 

Nettle Rash 110 

Newborn, Attention to the 98 

Nose, Bleeding from the 18 

Nostrils, Discharges from the 48 

Nostrils, Acute Discharges from the 48 

O 

Oezana 23 

Open Joints 143 

Ophthalmia 201 

Ophthalmia, Periodic 133 



P 

Papillomata 118 

Paralysis 91, 187, 206 

Parasites, External 222 

Parasites, Internal 223 

Parturient Paresis 79 

Parturition, the Time of 93 

Patella, Luxation of the 157 

Paricarditis, Traumatic, of the Ox 35 

Periodic Opthalmia 133 



242 ALPHABETICAL INDEX 



Page 

Peritonitis 193 

Pigs, Canker Sore Mouth in Young 188 

Pigs, Constipation in 187 

Pigs, Indigestion in 187 

Pigs, Rheumatism in 189 

Pigs, Thumps in 187 

Pin Worms 223 

Pityriasis 109 

Placenta 75 

Pleuritis 27 

Pneumonia 30 

Poll Evil 143 

Polypi, Nasal 19 

Pox, Cow 128 

Pox, Sheep 135 

Preventing Disease by Feeding for Health and Profit 55 

Pricks from Shoeing 154 

Prostration from Heat 89 



R 

Rabies in Dogs and Cattle 125 

Rachitis, Leg Weakness 195 

Rash Nettle 110 

Removal of the Boar's Tusks 187 

Retaining the Afterbirth 75 

Retention of the Meconium 205 

Rheumatism 196 

Rheumatism in Pigs 189 

Rhinitis, Acute Coryza 17 

Rickets 195 

Ringbone 152 

Ringworms 109 

Roaring 33 

Roundworms 225 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX 243 



Page 

Roup, in Poultry 209 

Rumen, Impartion of 204 

Ruptures 179 



Salivation, Excessive 229 

Scab, False 207 

Scab, Tallow 207 

Scabby Teats 76 

Scaly Skin Disease 109 

Scours, Calf 52 

Scratches 112 

Secret of Increasing the Flow of Milk in a Dairy Cow 78 

Secret of Producing More Beef from Cattle 230 

Secret of Producing More Milk from Cows 230 

Secret of Producing More Mutton from Sheep 230 

Secret of Producing More Pork from Swine 230 

Septic Joint Disease 190 

Sheep, Diseases Common to 191 

Sheep, Foot Rot in 1 56 

Sheep Pox 135 

Shoeboil , 167 

Shoeing, Pricks while 154 

Shoulderslip 149 

Shoulder, Sore 149 

Sick Animals, Feeding 39 

Sidebones 1 53 

Soft Shell Eggs 209 

Skin Disease, Scaly 109 

Sore Eyes 201 

Sore Eyes and Pip, in Poultry 210 

Sore Mouth of Lambs 202 

Sore ]\Iouth of Young Pigs 188 

Sore Neck i 171 



244 ALPHABETICAL INDEX 



Page 

Sore Shoulder 149 

Spavin 159 

Spavin, Bog 163 

Spavin, Bone 160 

Spavin, Test 147 

Spaying 178 

Splints 151 

Stables, Disinfection of 221 

Staggers, Grass 204 

Stifle Out 157 

Stock Tonics, Home made 229 

Stomach, Antony of 204 

Stomach Worms 225 

Stomatitis 202 

Stones, Gall 86 

Strangles 131 

Stringhalt 166 

Stringy Milk 65 

Summer Sores on Horses 116 

Sunstroke 89 

Suppression of Milk 64 

Surfeit 110 

Sweeny 149 



Tallow Scab .207 

Tape Worms 225 

Tapping of the First Stomach or Paunch 174 

Teats, Chapped 117 

Teats, Scabby 76 

Teats, Warts on 76 

Teeth, Decayed 47 

Teeth, Diseases of the 45 

Teeth, Faulty and Irregular 49 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX 245 



Page 

Teeth, Wolf 46 

Test, Spavin 147 

Tetanus 127 

Thoroughpin 1G3 

Thumps in Pigs 187 

Thrush - 169, 202 

Time of Parturition 93 

Traumatic Pericarditis of the Ox 35 

Treatment, Air 83 

Treatment of the Dam 99 

Tuberculosis 119 



U 

Udders, Caked 67 

Udders, Congestion of 66 

Union of Fractures 183 

Unsoundnesses in Horses 48 

Urinary Troubles 86 

Urine, Bloody 206 

Urticaria 110 



V 

Variola Ovina 135 



W 

Warts 118 

W^arts on Cow's Teats 76 

Water Belly 193 

Weakness, Leg 210 

White Scours of Lambs 189 

Wind, Broken 42 



246 ALPHABETICAL INDEX 



Page 

Windsucking 48 

Wire Cuts 137 

Withers, Casting of the 77 

Withers, Fistulous 141 

Womb, Inversion of the 77 

Wolf Teeth 46 

Wool Eating 197 

Wool, Falling out of the 207 

Woolless Lambs 196 

Worm, Long 226 

Worms, Pin 223 

Worms, Ring 109 

Worms, Round 223 

Worms, Stomach 225 

Worms, Tape 225 

Wounds 137 

Wounds, General Treatment of 182 



Yellow Jaundice 85 

Young Stock, Diseases of 227 



Index by Chapters 



CHAPTER I. 
Diseases Common to the Respiratory Organs. 

Page 

Acute Nasal Catarrh 17 

Bleeding from the Nose 18 

Bronchitis, Catarrhal 24 

Catarrh, Acute Nasal 17 

Catarrh, Nasal 23 

Catarrhal Bronchitis 25 

Catarrhal Laryngitis 20 

Chronic Catarrhal Bronchitis 25 

Croupous Laryngitis 21 

Epistaxis 18 

Hemorrhages, Bleeding from the Nose 18 

Inflammation of the Lungs 30 

Laryngitis, Catarrhal 20 

Laryngitis, Croupous 21 

Lungs, Inflammation of the 30 

Nasal Catarrh 23 

Nasal Catarrh, Acute 17 

Nasal Polypi 19 

Oezana 23 

Pleuritis 27 

Pneumonia 30 

Polypi, Nasal 19 

Rhinitis, Acute Coryza 17 

Roaring 33 

CHAPTER II. 
Diseases Common to the Circulatory Organs. 

Azoturia 37 

Blood Trouble 38 



248 INDEX BY CHAPTERS 



Page 

Navel Disease, of Colts and Calves 38 

Paricarditis, Traumatic, of the Ox 35 

Traumatic Pericarditis of the Ox 35 



CHAPTER III. 

Diseases Common to the Digestive Organs. 

Acute Discharges from the Nostrils 48 

Acute Indigestion 53 

Appetite, Loss of 52 

Big Leg 43 

Broken Wind 42 

Calf Scours 52 

Calculi, Intestinal 54 

Choking 44 

Colic in Horses 53 

Cribbing 48 

Decayed Teeth 47 

Discharges from the Nostrils 48 

Disease due to Mistakes in Feeding 40 

Diseases of the Teeth 45 

Dropping Wads of Hay 45 

Faulty and Irregular Teeth 49 

Feeding, Diseases, Due to Mistakes in 40 

Feeding Sick Animals 39 

Founder 43 

Heaves 42 

Horses, Colic in 53 

Horses, Unsoundnesses in 48 

Indigestion, Acute 53 

Intestinal Calculi 54 

Leg, Big 43 

Loss of Appetite 52 

Lympangitis 41 

Nostrils, Acute Discharges from the 48 



INDEX BY CHAPTERS 249 



Page 

Nostrils, Discharges from the 48 

Preventing Disease by Feeding for Health and Profit 55 

Scours, Calf 52 

Sick Animals, Feeding 39 

Teeth, Decayed 47 

Teeth, Diseases of the 45 

Teeth, Faulty and Irregular 49 

Teeth, Wolf 46 

Unsoundnesses in Horses 48 

Wind, Broken 42 

Windsucking 48 

Wolf Teeth 46 

CHAPTER IV. 

Diseases Common to the Reproductive Organs. 

Abortion 68 

Afterbirth, Retaining the 75 

Air Treatment, for Milk Fever 83 

Barrenness 70 

Barrenness, Cause of 70 

Bloody Milk 64 

Blue Milk 65 

Caked Udders 67 

Casting of the Withers 77 

Congestion of the Udder 66 

Cows, Hard Alilking 76 

Cow's Teats, Warts on 76 

Failure to Come in Heat 67 

Fever, Milk 79 

Garget 66 

Glands, Milk, and their Functions 60 

Hard Milking Cows 76 

Heat, Failure to Come in 67 

Inversion of the Womb 77 



250 INDEX BY CHAPTERS 

Page 

Leucorrhea 68 

Milk, Bloody 64 

Milk, Blue .' 65 

Milk Fever 79 

Milk Glands and their Functions 60 

Milk, Stringy 65 

Milk, Suppression of 64 

Parturient Paresis , 79 

Placenta 75 

Retaining the Afterbirth 75 

Scabby Teats 76 

Secret of Increasing the Flow of Milk in a Dairy Cow 78 

Stringy Milk 65 

Suppression of Milk 64 

Teats, Scabby 76 

Treatment, Air 83 

Udders, Congestion of 66 

Udders, Caked 67 

Warts on Cow's Teats 76 

Withers, Casting of the 77 

Womb, Inversion of the 77 



CHAPTER V. 
Diseases Common to the Liver and Kidneys. 

Congestion of the Liver 85 

Gall Stones 86 

Jaundice, Yellow 85 

Liver, Congestion of the , 85 

Stones, Gall 86 

Urinary Troubles 86 

Yellow Jaundice 8j 



INDEX BY CHAPTERS 251 

CHAPTER VI. 

Diseases Common to the Brain and Nervous System. 

Page 

Apoplexy, Cerebral 87 

Brain, Concussion of the 88 

Brain, Congestion of the 87 

Cerebral Apoplexy 87 

Concussion of the Brain 88 

Congestion of the Brain 87 

Epilepsy 88 

Heat, Prostration from 89 

Paralysis 91 

Prostration from Heat 89 

Sunstroke 89 

CHAPTER Vn. 

Practical Aid in Difficult Parturition. 

Attention to the Newborn 98 

Dam, Treatment of the 99 

Newborn, Attention to the 98 

Parturition, the Time of 93 

Time of Parturition 93 

Treatment of the Dam 99 

CHAPTER VIII. 

Common Diseases of the Skin. 

Barnyard Itch 109 

Blister, Inflammation with 115 

Boils 113 

Cattle, Mange on '. 113 

Chapped Teats 117 

Congestion of the Skin with Small Pimples or Papules 114 

Dogs, Mange on 113 

Eczema 115 



252 INDEX BY CHAPTERS 

Page 

Erythema 107 

Fever, Mud 112 

Furuncles 113 

Horses, Itch in 109 

Horses, Mange on 113 

Horses, Summer Sores on 116 

Itch, Barnyard 109 

Itch in Horses 109 

Mange on Cattle 113 

Mange on Dogs 113 

Mange on Horses 113 

Mud Fever 112 

Nettle Rash 110 

Papillomata ; 118 

Pityriasis 109 

Rash Nettle 110 

Ringworms 109 

Scaly Skin Disease 109 

Scratches 112 

Skin Disease, Scaly 109 

Summer Sores on Horses 116 

Surfeit 110 

Teats, Chapped 117 

Urticaria 110 

Warts : 118 

Worms, Ring 109 

CHAPTER IX. 

Contagious and Infectious Diseases. 

Actenomicocis 127 

Actinomycocis 135 

Apthous Fever 133 

Cattle, Contagious Eye Diseases in 132 

Cattle, Rabies in 125 



INDEX BY CHAPTERS 253 



Page 

Contagious Eye Diseases in Cattle 132 

Cow Pox 128 

Disease, Foot and Mouth 133 

Distemper, Horse 131 

Dogs, Rabies in 125 

Eye Disease in Cattle 132 

Eye Disease in Cattle, Contagious 132 

Fever, Aphthous 133 

Foot and Mouth Disease 133 

Horse Distemper 131 

Influenza 131 

Lockjaw 127 

Lump Jaw 127 

Ophthalmia, Periodic 133 

Periodic Opthalmia 133 

Pox, Cow 128 

Pox, Sheep 135 

Rabies in Dogs and Cattle 125 

Sheep Pox 135 

Strangles 131 

Tetanus 127 

Tuberculosi s 119 

Variola Ovina 135 



CHAPTER X. 

Wounds and Fractures. 

Calks 137 

Cuts 137 

Evil, Poll .' 143 

Fistulous Withers 141 

Fractured Limbs 139 

Joints, Open 143 

Kicks 137 

Limbs, Fractured 139 



254 INDEX BY CHAPTERS 



Page 

Open Joints 143 

Poll Evil 143 

Wire Cuts 137 

Withers, Fistulous 141 

Wounds 137 



CHAPTER XI. 
Diseases Common to the Muscles and Extremities. 

Ankles, Cocked 169 

Bog Spavin 163 

Bone Spavin ; 160 

Capped Elbow 167 

Capped Hocks 168 

Capped Knees 151 

Cocked Ankles 169 

Coffin Joint Lameness 153 

Collar Galls 149 

Contracted Hoofs of Horses 170 

Corns 155 

Curb 164 

Disease, Navicular 153 

ElboM^, Capped 167 

Examination of the Hocks 160 

Foot and Limb Troubles 145 

Foot Rot in Cattle and Sheep 156 

Galls, Collar 149 

Hocks, Capped 168 

Hocks, Examination of the 160 

Hoofs of Horses, Contracted 170 

Horse, Lameness in 145 

Knees, Capped 151 

Lameness, Coffin Joint 153 

Lameness in a Horse 145 

Luxation of the Patella 157 



INDEX BY CHAPTERS 255 



Page 

Nail Prick, How to Treat 171 

Navicular Disease 1 53 

Neck, Sore 171 

Patella, Luxation of the 157 

Pricks from Shoeing 1 54 

Ringbone 152 

Shoeboil 167 

Shoeing, Pricks while 154 

Shoulderslip 149 

Shoulder, Sore 149 

Sideboncs 1 53 

Sore Neck 171 

Sore Shoulder 149 

Spavin 159 

Spavin, Bog " 163 

Spavin, Bone 160 

Spavin, Test 147 

Splints 151 

Stifle Out 157 

Stringhalt 166 

Sweeny : 149 

Test, Spavin 147 

Thoroughpin 163 

Thrush 169 

CHAPTER XII. 

Common Farm Operations. 

Bleeding, Control of 182 

Castration 175 

Dehorning 173 

Fractures 183 

Fractures, Union of 183 

Ruptures 179 

Spaying 178 



256 INDEX BY CHAPTERS 



Page 

Tapping of the First Stomach or Paunch 174 

Union of Fractures 183 



CHAPTER XIII. 
Diseases Common to Swine and Sheep. 

Abdominal Dropsy 193 

Anemia 194 

Antony of Stomach 204 

Ascites 193 

Alopecia 207 

Baldness 207 

Belly, Water 193 

Big- Head 196 

Big Neck 196 

Bloody Urine 206 

Boar's Tusks, Removal of 187 

Canker, Sore Mouth in Pigs 188 

Choking 203 

Cholera, Hog 185 

Conjunctivitis 201 

Constipation 205 

Constipation in Pigs 187 

Dandruff 207 

Diarrhea 204 

Diarrhea, Infectious 189 

Disease, Septic Joint 190 

Diseases Common to Sheep 191 

Dropsy, Abdominal 193 

Dysentary 204 

Eating, Wool 197 

Eyes, Sore 201 

Falling Out of the Wool 207 

False Scab 207 

Fever. Malarial 192 



INDEX BY chapter;^ 257 



I'ago 

Goiter 195 

Grass Staggers 204 

Hematuria 206 

Hog Cholera 185 

Icterahematuria 192 

Icterus, Yellows 191 

Indigestion 204 

Indigestion in Pigs 187 

Infectious Diarrhea 189 

Impaction of Rumen 204 

Jaundice 191 

Joint Disease, Septic 190 

Joint 111 of Lambs 190 

Lambs, Joint 111 of 190 

Lambs, Sore Mouth in 202 

Lambs, White Scours of 189 

Lambs, Woollcss 196 

Leg Weakness, Rachitis , 195 

Malarial Fever 1 92 

Meconium, Retention of the 205 

Navel 111 190 

Neck, Big 196 

Necrotic Stomatitis 202 

Ophthalmia 201 

Paralysis 187, 206 

Peritonitis . . . 193 

Pigs, Canker Sore Mouth in Young 188 

Pigs, Constipation in 187 

Pigs, Indigestion in 187 

Pigs, Rheumatism in 189 

Pigs, Thumps in 187 

Rachitis, Leg Weakness 195 

Removal of the Boar's Tusks 187 

Retention of the Meconium 205 

Rheumatism 196 

Rheumatism in Pigs 189 



258 INDEX BY CHAPTERS 



Page 

Rickets 195 

Rumen, Impartion of 204 

Scab, False 207 

Scab, Tallow 207 

Septic Joint Disease 190 

Sheep, Diseases Common to 191 

Sore Eyes 201 

Sore Mouth of Lambs 202 

Staggers, Grass 204 

Stomach, Antony of 204 

Stomatitis 202 

Tallow Scab 207 

Thrush 202 

Thumps in Pigs 187 

Urine, Bloody 206 

Water Belly 193 

White Scours of Lambs 189 

Wool Eating 197 

Wool, Falling out of the 207 

Woolless Lambs 196 



CHAPTER XIV. 
Diseases Common to Poultry. 

Apoplexy in Poultry 209 

Bound Crop in Poultr}^ 210 

Bumble Foot, in Poultry 210 

Canker, in Poultry 209 

Cholera, in Poultry 209 

Crop Bound, in Poultry 210 

Diarrhea, in Poultry 210 

Eggs, Soft Shell 209 

Foot Bumble, in Poultry 210 

Leg Weakness, in Poultry 210 

Lice, in Poultry 210 



INDEX BY CHAPTERS 259 



Page 

Roup, in Poultry 209 

Soft Shell Eggs 209 

Sore Eyes and Pip, in Poultry 210 

Weakness, Leg 210 

CHAPTER XV. 

Practical Application of Medicines and Home Remedies. 

Medicine, Mode of Giving 216 

Medicine, Necessity of Diluting in Water 215 

Medicines and Home Remedies, Practical Application of 213 

Medicines, Giving, to Horses 217 

Medicines, Giving, to Pigs 218 

Medicines, Giving, to Sheep 218 

Medicines, Simple Farm 219 

CHAPTER XVI. 

Miscellaneous. 

Bots 223 

Cattle, Horn Fly in 221 

Diseases of Young Stock 227 

Disinfection of Stables 221 

Excessive Salivation 229 

External Parasites 222 

Grubs 221 

Horn Fly of Cattle 221 

Internal Parasites 223 

Lice 222 

Longworm 226 

Navel 111 228 

Parasites, External 222 

Parasites, Internal 223 

Pin Worms 223 

Roundworms 225 



260 INDEX BY CHAPTERS 



Page 

Salivation, Excessive 229 

Secret of Producing More Beef from Cattle 230 

Secret of Producing- More Milk from Cows 230 

Secret of Producing More Mutton from Sheep 230 

Secret of Producing More Pork from Swine 230 

Stables, Disinfection of 221 

Stock Tonics, Home made 229 

Stomach Worms 225 

Tape Worms 225 

Worm, Long 226 

Worms, Pin 223 

Worms, Round 223 

Worms, Stomach 225 

Worms, Tape 225 

Young Stock, Diseases of 227 



